Heypih

Hones and Mauritius, or also known for short as H&M, is a big billion dollar Swedish fashion company which engages in designing and retailing fashion products from cosmetics, outwear and accessories for men, women and children. Operating all over the globe, throughout 43 countries with 2206 stores, there are various strategic issues which H&M need to address to keep the company moving forward and increase the market. H&M has a large international incumbents including Ezra being its most significant competitor.Ezra has not been around for nearly as long as H&M and it is already being considered a ‘serious challenge' which makes H&M questions the sustainability of the formula at hand. Using strategic management topics we can further discuss this issue. To begin the PASTEL Framework can be used in relation to strategic management and H&M. By using PASTEL we can categories environmental factors into specific key types, which are political, economic, social, technological, ecologica l and legal.These will help us to explain that environmental factors do not Just revolve around economic forces but other forces which have been mentioned and all are interactive with one another. Politics are forces both throughout the globe and in specific groups within areas which influence certain behavior and reactions. These influences can come from various political movements and concerned media. For example H&M in the past opened up a store in Israel's Jerusalem Malta Shopping Mall which is built in a previous Palestinian village of al-Malta.Since this village has been ethnically cleansed and caused those inhabitants to be referred to as refugees in their own land. This happened throughout the 1948 Naked and caused worldwide protest by activates at H stores. All those protests going on around the world gave a lot of negative reputation and unneeded attention to H. Even though the Israeli Embassy in Stockholm believed that opening the store in Israel would help tit ‘pea ce processes and profits' to H – it still did not affect the feelings of those protesting nor did it change the way H handled the situation at hand.Instead H turned a blind eye to a massive human rights violation and disregarded completely what was happening and this caused activists to begin the world wide approach of operation Boycott. Something similar did happen in the past with a different clothing brand named Mummy, but they did not follow through with their stores in Israel and till today will not open a store until the apartheid system is dismounted. Additionally, in reference to Section C, Article 3 of the Responsibilities of transaction corporations and other business enterprises (2003) H is actually breaching the regulations.It states that â€Å"Business enterprises shall not engage in nor benefit from war crimes, crimes against humanity†¦ Other violations of humanitarian law and other international crimes against the human person as defined by international law, in particular human rights and humanitarian law' Ecological factors in PASTEL framework is anything that falls under environmental issues which is definitely something relevant to H&M. H&M produces a special collection named the ‘conscious collection† using only sustainable materials.As mentioned on their website they are trying to push for fashion for the future. With these commitments come seven promises also stated on their website. Provide fashion for conscious customers Choose and reward responsible partners Be ethical Be climate smart Reduce, reuse, recycle Use natural resources responsibly Strengthen communities Under the PASTEL framework, technological is any influences that H uses for their material. Thanks to these, H was ranked number 21 out of 100 for the most label global brands according to inter brand in 2011, with a brand value of 16. Billion dollars. In comparison with close competitor Ezra ranked in at number 44 with 8 billion dollars' worth of bra nd value. This huge difference can partly be attributed to H&M's long term advertising campaigns with high-profile celebrities. In order to enhance the value of its brand name, H spends around 5% of its revenue on advertising. H has also established a strong social media presence. The company aims to become part of its customer's daily lives through its pages on Backbone,Twitter, Instating, Google+ and Youth as well as the Chinese social media networks Yuk and Sins Webb. Through these networks followers share ideas and opinions and get quick answers to their questions. This is important for this day and ages were people do not want to wait for too long. Also new fashion videos and catwalks are constantly uploaded to Youth with millions of views. The App for uses is also new which offers the latest collection and campaigns and find out what is new.In relation to strategic management it's important to note the Five Forces Framework hen determining the competitive forces. If an industr y has low competitiveness then there will be an expected high level of profit then in comparison to an industry with high competitiveness. H has high level of competitiveness with Ezra therefore their profit margin is close on a large scale. By using Porters Five Forces Framework we can measure 1) threat of entry 2) threat of substitutes 3) power of buyers 4) power of suppliers 5) extent of rivalry between competitors.In regards to competitors and rivalry, the competitive rival for H is Ezra and a substitute would be somewhere like Target/Smart. Ezra would be a very dominant organization to H with its products being very similar. A low differentiation between companies is also an issue as both are assumed to be similar when spoken about with consumers. The threat of entry works in H's advantage as they have different products which Ezra does not offer – for example the conscious collection. The threat of substitution is a big one for this industry as Ezra and H&M are very clo sely knitted.Firstly being price/ performance rations. Sara's products are slightly higher prices than H but overall the prices/performance ratio is very tight. SQ. Drawing on relevant topics in this unit, what do you consider to be H's rare and inimitable strategic capability/sis? Explain your answer. How do you think H&M can identify and leverage or exploit its rare and inimitable strategic capability/sis to achieve or sustain its competitive advantage and respond to the critical issue that you have identified in IQ?Upon research and further reading into the topic I would consider the fact H&M has its own range the conscious collection' reaching an audience of those who are have the want to help the environment to be its rare and inimitable strategic capabilities. H & M, is a environmentally conscious company, which provides economical fashion products around the globe (43 countries) in order to fulfill the seven commitments to the communities. The economic crisis was really stron g and it may increase the interest of the population for cheap and fashionable clothes.Not only has H found a gap in the fashion market, but they have found an up and coming issue and were able to reach it with a positive outcome. With all the issues worldwide, H knew it needed to invest its money into the right things to keep sales up and to also bring new sales in. With H having a big role in the fashion industry, they didn't want to come under any more negative scrutiny as this would bring a negative perception of the company. This is where the idea came across with the plan for using only sustainable materials for the release of the new range, the ‘conscious collection'.Along with this came certain commitments which included, adopting ethical practices, improving working conditions and using natural resources responsibly. The decision to introduce the range and commitments was structured very thoroughly through its strategic capabilities as these do have the ability to con tribute to a long term margin and also a competitive advantage. H&M followed ‘Tech' with the three generic types of dynamic capabilities as this has become the standard and most common practice in industries.The first point is ‘sensing where H has realized that there are new opportunities. No other fast fashion clothing brand has introduced an environmental friendly range at the moment in time so it was the perfect idea. Next point is ‘seizing is when H&M replaced the actual gap in the market with the line. Lastly ‘reconfiguring is basically what H are constantly doing with its update of the line. As new fashion comes in and out of season constantly, H need to keep its new line up to date.As you can tell H has big threshold capabilities which are needed for an organization to keep up to date with the requirements in the fashion market and with other competitors. In strategic management mindset using BRIO† is important to gain competitive advantage. To b egin with the product which has been introduced by H&M needs to be of value to the customers so it can generate higher revenue or lower costs to the business. So in this instance this product hadn't been introduced to the fast fashion oral so the value of it is quite and exciting for the industry.Therefore H&M with this product has taken advantage of its opportunities and threats, understands its value to customers and considered the cost. Next is the need of the product to have rarity. If a product is introduced which is valuable yet common throughout various competitors, then it's very unlikely it is going to be a major source of competitive advantage. Therefore it's important that the introduced line is something rare and will bring customers to the shop especially to view and purchase this line.As you can tell he strategic capabilities that allows H&M to be advanced is not as straightforward and simple as suspected. In this introduction to this line H&M did keep in the mind the next step being the Inimitable capabilities. If other competitors were to introduce something along the same lines they would find it difficult and costly to intimidate or even to substitute therefore would less likely be able to match up to H&M. Lastly H&M needs to be suitably organism to support all these capabilities.They already had the support of the formal and informal management control systems therefore they were blew to fully take advantage of the given capabilities SQ. Drawing on relevant topics in this unit, explain how H&M's culture as suggested by the ‘spirit of H&M' influences the current strategic position of H&M as well as its ability to respond to the strategic issue you have identified in IQ . An organizations culture is the behavior of those people within the organization and all the attachments to the meanings behind their behaviors.It revolves around their visions, language, assumptions, understandings, beliefs, habits, norms and values. It's basically how they do things from where they are in the organization. In any organization, culture has an influence over their strategy. Even the fact the fashion industry has a certain culture would affect the way H&M run their strategies including the different countries and cities H&M would have issues in relation to geographic based cultures due to the fact they have stores in all parts of the world.Each city would have its moralities and the usual way to do things from their knowledge which would differ from the same shop somewhere else. It's important for companies that run internationally to understand such differences H&M's hilltop's links in to the followed and believed culture. From day one H&M wanted to make fashion affordable for everyone so it was something they stuck by quite strongly. Throughout the years of passing through different managers and management styles – the company's culture still relieved on Reeling Persons style of sticking to central values and beliefs.Even the 7 codified core values for H&M link into the rare and inimitable strategic capability, and they are: 1) Keep it simple 2) Straight forward and open minded 3) Cost conscious 4) Constant improvement 5) Entrepreneurial spirit ) Team work 7) Belief in people Within H&M's spirit is the amazing way they really focus on their employee's involvement. Because H&M has this philosophy of participatory management the company is viewed as one with experimentation, trial-and-error learning, fast decision making, and willingness to take initiatives and try new ideas.These are the pillars of the company and without these; H&M wouldn't have the culture it has today. The active encouragement of this spirit is another key ingredient through all organization levels. This way, new things are encourages between purchasing managers and the understanding that mistakes are okay is followed through at all levels. Even managers in the front end of the business are encouraged to experiments with the interi or and exterior of the shop.Decoration, lighting, colors, clothes displays and even locating are swiftly changed depending on sales and preferences of customers. Although any new range which may be introduced must be bounded within H&M's core ideas and values, which the conscious range clearly does. ‘ One of H&M's major strengths are its fantastic brand imagine and the costs of purchases. H&M has established a strong culture which is self-motivating for employees by creating unity and a high skilled work place.The company benefits from a good image from the customers and they have a strong fame everywhere in the world thanks to its huge number of outlets. Also the prices that H&M offer to its customers are really competitive thanks to the cost saving management way of the company. H&M's environment has a very positive outcome throughout all levels of the business and this reflects solely on the complete imagine H&M perceives. The fact that employees get a say and get a chance to get involved in all levels makes it have such a constructive workforce.H&M has lots of freedom for employees to move around through levels of the organization but this has come under some scrutiny as there is no way to point the blame if something goes wrong. This doesn't work for everyone but for those who it does work for, it has a very motivational feel.

Hedonism

HEDONISM There is no doubt that pleasure is good. Whether the pleasure is emotional or physical; whether we get this pleasure through taste, touch, sight, scent, or hearing ;it makes no difference. Pleasure is always enjoyable. In fact the words pleasure and good are often times interchangeable. After seeing a movie I liked, I may tell someone that the film was pleasurable or that it was good. Both descriptions have a positive connotation. But while pleasure is undoubtedly good, it is not the highest good and certainly not the only good, as the Hedonist would say.First, we must look at examples throughout the world which will prove that pleasure is not the highest good. One example would be a sadistic child molester who gets pleasure out of raping young children. According to the Hedonist this sickening act would be good because the molester is getting pleasure out of it. Of course they would argue that this is not the pleasure they speak of because it will turn out to be bad for the molester in the long run. He will be sent to jail and be ostracized from society, causing him much more pain than pleasure.Therefore this would not be an example of Hedonistic pleasure. But the Hedonist is making a very dangerous assumption: the molester will always get caught and always be punished. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Many people get away with their crimes everyday without feeling the wrath of justice. So if a molester gets pleasure out of little children, is it good? If a Hedonist were to answer yes, then it does not seem like a sound philosophical viewpoint. For another example, we can turn to the Holocaust.Over six million Jews and countless others were killed at the hands of the Nazis. While many of the Nazis were disgusted by the killings (Oscar Schindler was one) an even greater amount got pleasure out of it. They thought that they were doing the world a good by ridding it of the inferior human elements. It was this idea that led to millions of bruta l deaths. Yet very few Nazis were ever prosecuted. Many fled to other countries and continued their lives without ever taking responsibility for the heinous crimes they committed.In fact, many still felt inwardly proud of the duty they had done for the Aryan race. So according to the Hedonist the Nazis were doing nothing wrong as long as they were getting pleasure. Once again this is a hard concept to accept as true. A Hedonist will say to look closely at our society and lives and we will see that we live according to pleasure. Everyone wants to be happy and happiness is directly correlated with pleasure. But, in fact, our society is not run on the basis that pleasure is the highest good.If it were, our whole justice system would fail. In court, a murderers defense would be I got pleasure out of the killings. As a Hedonist, the judge would then have to set the criminal free. Our constitution is founded on the idea that every person has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but not pleasure. Our founding fathers knew that if our society was based solely on pleasure then people would be doing whatever they wanted to do whenever they wanted to do it. A Hedonistic society would be chaotic and anarchic; it simply would not work. Hedonism HEDONISM There is no doubt that pleasure is good. Whether the pleasure is emotional or physical; whether we get this pleasure through taste, touch, sight, scent, or hearing ;it makes no difference. Pleasure is always enjoyable. In fact the words pleasure and good are often times interchangeable. After seeing a movie I liked, I may tell someone that the film was pleasurable or that it was good. Both descriptions have a positive connotation. But while pleasure is undoubtedly good, it is not the highest good and certainly not the only good, as the Hedonist would say.First, we must look at examples throughout the world which will prove that pleasure is not the highest good. One example would be a sadistic child molester who gets pleasure out of raping young children. According to the Hedonist this sickening act would be good because the molester is getting pleasure out of it. Of course they would argue that this is not the pleasure they speak of because it will turn out to be bad for the molester in the long run. He will be sent to jail and be ostracized from society, causing him much more pain than pleasure.Therefore this would not be an example of Hedonistic pleasure. But the Hedonist is making a very dangerous assumption: the molester will always get caught and always be punished. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Many people get away with their crimes everyday without feeling the wrath of justice. So if a molester gets pleasure out of little children, is it good? If a Hedonist were to answer yes, then it does not seem like a sound philosophical viewpoint. For another example, we can turn to the Holocaust.Over six million Jews and countless others were killed at the hands of the Nazis. While many of the Nazis were disgusted by the killings (Oscar Schindler was one) an even greater amount got pleasure out of it. They thought that they were doing the world a good by ridding it of the inferior human elements. It was this idea that led to millions of bruta l deaths. Yet very few Nazis were ever prosecuted. Many fled to other countries and continued their lives without ever taking responsibility for the heinous crimes they committed.In fact, many still felt inwardly proud of the duty they had done for the Aryan race. So according to the Hedonist the Nazis were doing nothing wrong as long as they were getting pleasure. Once again this is a hard concept to accept as true. A Hedonist will say to look closely at our society and lives and we will see that we live according to pleasure. Everyone wants to be happy and happiness is directly correlated with pleasure. But, in fact, our society is not run on the basis that pleasure is the highest good.If it were, our whole justice system would fail. In court, a murderers defense would be I got pleasure out of the killings. As a Hedonist, the judge would then have to set the criminal free. Our constitution is founded on the idea that every person has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but not pleasure. Our founding fathers knew that if our society was based solely on pleasure then people would be doing whatever they wanted to do whenever they wanted to do it. A Hedonistic society would be chaotic and anarchic; it simply would not work.

Autism 3

Autism 3 Essay Many years ago, I watched a young boy rock back and forth as he worked a crossword puzzle. I tried to distract him from working the puzzle to ride bikes with me. I continuously asked him to play with me, but he kept staring at the puzzle while I attempted to look in his eyes. He took the puzzle apart and flipped the pieces in the air, one at a time. He did not speak, but he made crying noises. The more I asked questions or talked to him, the louder his cries became. As his frustration grew, he balled his fists up, punched his eyes, and kicked his feet. I was curious about his activity. I was later told the boy {my brother} was autistic, says Tamara Robinson in an interview. Autism is a syndrome of childhood characterized by a lack of social relationship, a lack of communication abilities, persistent compulsive, rituals, and resistance to change (Paluszny 1). For centuries, medical professionals have tried to understand autism and its origin. The above example shows only a few examples of autistic behavior. The history of autism extends, as far back as the late sixteenth century; however, during that time it was not identified as this illness. Here is a statement from before the discovery of the illness: In 1799, a boy about eleven years of age was found naked in the woods of Averyron, France. He was dirty, covered with sores, mute, and behaved like A wild animal. Jean Itard, the physician of the new institution for deaf-mutes, Was given charge of the abandoned child. From Itards description, Victor Showed many features of autismhe did not look at people and never Played with the toys, but showed remarkable memory in recalling the position Of objects in his room and resisted any change of these objects. (Paluszny 2) In attempt to educate Victor, Itard used a glass of water as a form of encouragement, but he continued to remain silent and never spoke any words. It was not until 1943 that the label autism was used by a child psychiatrist, named Leo Kanner to describe the symptoms. The term autism derives from auto, the Greek word for self, (Hamblin 137). Kanner used this term when he studied eleven children who had a unique form of schizophrenia (Hamblin 136). Although, it was later determined that even though some of the characteristics of schizophrenia and autism are not the same, Kanner did open new doors for an intensive study of a confusing syndrome. The causes of autism are unknown. In most cases, the pregnancies of mothers of autistic children were normal. Occasionally, there were cases of maternal bleeding, prematurity, or maternal rubella, but these situations do not appear consistently. One possibility that scientists have researched is genetics. Chromosomal studies have been attempted to detect if autism is a result of too many chromosomes, because autism is more dominant in males than females, (Ritvo 169). The frequency in males is approximately 3/5,000 (Ritvo 169). Since females have two X-chromosomes and males have an X and Y chromosome, than the Y chromosome can be considered in current research activities. Another possibility is the malfunctioning of the brain. According to Adler, neurobiological researchers have localized several regions of the brain that are responsible for social interaction skills (248). Frith says, a biological defect causes autism, the symptoms which include a lack of communication, socialization and imagination. Scientists are continually searching for answers. During the stages of infancy, the autistic baby seems normal. Then, a period of time before the age of three, the child experiences regression. In some cases, the first signs are at the age of three. There is no exact determination of when the signs appear. When autistic parents were told to think back in time before the third year, some parents said that they could not pinpoint exactly what the difference was, but they described a vague feeling that something was wrong from infancy (Paluszny 4). In normal development of children, Paluszny says that one of the first milestones is the social smile (4). Babies smile and respond to the faces and voices of adults. The autistic infant does not bring about .

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader - Assignment Example Charismatic leadership delegates authority and can exert great influence on the attitude and performance of the team through their personality and charm. They use body language and facial expressions in order to appeal to the emotions of employees and persuade them in high commitment to work (Yukl, 2001). In contrast, transformational leadership is based on a specific view of the future based on passion and energy. These leaders seek to persuade and consider the feelings of persons and encourage their participation in decision making. Great enthusiasm and energy of transformational leaders inspire employees to implement new changes and new goals into practice. The ability to motivate and inspire employees is a core for the transformational leader. In order to achieve optimal goals he/she takes into account: motivation, reward, and commitment. In contrast to charismatic leaders "transformational leaders stimulate their followers' efforts "to be innovative and creative by questioning a ssumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways" (Stone, et al, 2004). 2. Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory defines three bases of leadership: relationships, power, and task. The core of this approach is to think of employees a leader works and then to score this employee on a range of scales including positive factors and negative factors. Fiedler distinguishes two types of LPC leaders: high and low leaders. It means that high LPC leaders score their employees positively while low LPC leaders see their subordinates more negatively. On these assumptions, Fiedler concludes that it is common for high LPC leaders to have positive relationships with employees and support them in achieving corporate goals while low LPC leaders do not support their subordinates putting takes and demanding the work will be done properly without personal participation. If leaders do not have good relations with employees, they can change the nature of communication with subordinates.

Instrument History Report ( Strings ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instrument History Report ( Strings ) - Essay Example Different tones or pitches can be achieved with varying thickness and tightness of the strings, as well as with changing lengths. A string instrument may have strings already of various lengths played separately or in combinations, such as with harps and zithers. They can also have strings of the same length that are varied by pressing them against the instrument’s body, such as with lutes and lyres. Stringed musical instruments are said to have existed way back in 3500 BC with lyres and harps made by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, and the harps of 3000 BC in the Old Empires of Egypt. But even before that time, the early civilizations in Africa and South America already developed the musical bow. Some say that it was made from the hunter’s bow and arrow, but others suggest that the bow and arrow evolved from the musical bow. In any case, the resemblance between the two seems to indicate that they are in a way related. From this simple single-stringed instrument, it is believed that the first harps were made. In form, these first harps were very similar to a simple bow in that a string is attached from one end of a bent piece of wood to another. However, unlike the musical bow, more strings have been added to produce a variety of tones in the harp. These harps were found in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as early as 3000 BC. Harps were later adopted by the early Christian Church as one of the appropriate musical instruments. During these times, very few instruments were acceptable as most of them were considered tools of the devil. The harp also plays a significant role in European nations where it has evolved through the Medieval age and the Renaissance into the harps we know today. In fact, quite a number of early cultures in Europe had harps in their myths and legends. In Ireland, the harp has become the national instrument because of its Celtic heritage. Similar to the harp, the lyre is another string instrument deeply rooted in

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions Dissertation

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions - Dissertation Example I would first like to thank my tutor who offered valued and constructive advice on how to put this piece of work together. I would like to thank my family for allowing me the space to work and contributed through support for this endeavour. I would also like to thank the University for contributing significantly to my education to get me the point of being able to complete this work. Contents Contents Contents 5 Figures 7 Abstract 8 Chapter One: Introduction 9 1.1 Background 9 1.2 Aim and Objectives 10 1.2.1 Aims 10 1.2.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Research Design 11 1.3.1 Theoretical Frameworks 11 1.3.2 Purpose of the Study 12 1.4 Structure of Study 12 Chapter Two: Literature Review 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Brand 14 2.2.1 Brand Equity 15 2.2.2 Brand Mythology 18 2.2.3 Global Brand Power 20 2.2.4 Brand Extensions 21 2.3 Consumer Behaviour 23 2.3.1 Attitude Theory 25 2.3.2 Expectancy Value Theory 26 2.4 Summary 26 Chapter Three: Methodology 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Research 29 3.2.1 Resear ch Questions 29 3.2.2 Secondary Research 30 3.2.3 Primary Research 30 3.2.4 Questionnaires/Surveys 31 3.2.5 Sampling 32 3.2.6 Pilot Study 33 3.3 Research Study 34 3.3.1 Research Subject 34 3.3.2 Data Analysis 34 3.3.3 Limitations 35 3.4 Ethics 36 3.5 Summary 36 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 37 4.1Introduction 37 4.2 Quantitative Research 38 4.2 1 Demographics 38 4.2.2 Questionnaire Results 39 4.3 Qualitative Research 45 4.3.1 Group Interview 45 4.3.2 Observation 49 4.4 Discussion 50 4.5 Summary 51 Chapter Five: Conclusion 52 5.1 Introduction 52 5.2 Motivating Consumers 53 5.3 Decision Making Process 55 5.4 Responses to New Products 56 5.5 Reputation 56 5.6 Consumer Types 58 5.7 Consumer Attitudes 59 References 61 Appendixes 63 Appendix 1: Questionnaire 63 Appendix 2: Interview Questions 66 Figures Fig. 1 Stakeholder Journey (Fisher-Buttinger and Valaster 2003: 206) Fig. 2 Brand Extension Longevity from Originating Product (Kapferer 2008: 334) Fig 3 Male to Female Ratio compar ed to Male to Female Brand Buying Habits Fig. 4 Trust in a Brand Fig 5 Meaning Associated with using a Brand Name Fig 6 Comparison of Trust and Meaning of a Brand Name Abstract The following paper has been written in order to explore the nature of consumer attitudes towards brand extension. The research has been conducted through a mixed methodology with quantitative research conducted through a questionnaire format, and qualitative research conducted through both a group interview format and a period of observation on the response to brand extensions within a retail venue. The results show that while consumers wish to believe that each product is assessed purely on its own merits, the truth of their experience is that they will more likely try a new product that is brought onto the market by a trusted brand than one that has a brand name that is unfamiliar, even if it is the same product. As well, a product that merely carries a brand name, but without attributes of any of the prod ucts that are carried by that brand, will be suspect and will not have the same power. It is the conclusion of this research that a brand extension provides a powerful resource for expanding a business if done with the power and equity built by that brand in consideration of relatable attributes.

Archaeology through DNA analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Archaeology through DNA analysis - Essay Example An example can be seen through a recent discovery which led a group of researchers' claim into having been able to positively identified the remains of Copernicus-the first astronomer who theorized that it is the Sun, not the Earth, that is in the center of the universe. Such findings have put an end for years of debates and speculation over the location where the 'unsung hero' was exactly buried. The article ensues from the discovery of a grave and remains under the floor tiles of the cathedral where Copernicus was purportedly buried by Polish archaeologist Jerzy Gassowski and his team last August of 2005. Hence, a thorough examination of the article suggests that there is heavy dependence on the field findings for which the resources for the DNA analysis were indeed drawn from. Such were the tooth and a femur bone of the remains that were matched with a separate finding of two strands of hair from one of the said astronomer's books. Furthermore in support of the result through a dissimilar process, experts' reconstruction of the skull shows distinct indications of several facial features from Copernicus's portraits. This includes a broken nose and a cut above the left eye which coincides with a scar mark. The reconstruction also paved way to a visualization of Copernicus's face in flesh. On account of the quantitative significance of these field findings, it can still be assumed that the performed DNA analysis endowed such findings with more meaning. Through the DNA analysis, experts and researchers were able to merge the "minor" individual discoveries (i.e. the suspected remains, the hair in Copernicus's book and Copernicus's portraits) into a more conclusive and well-harmonized "major" discovery. Consequently, this article demonstrates that archaeology is not enclosed within pure discoveries but it also concerns verification of those discoveries. And now, with the advancement of technology, we are stimulated by the fact that even the smallest and most seemingly marginal of field findings before, that of a single strand of hair can also possibly yield significant contributions to the verification of a major discovery. It is important to note then that "minor" discoveries can be as relevant as "major" discoveries such that the former also constitutes the latter. With the technology of DNA analysis at hand, it can be presumed that archaeologists today are faced with deeper challenges on extracting and handling evidences from archaeological sites and in material resources. More so, the article also illustrates another magnificent advancement in technology. That is, the ability of experts today to generate a flesh visualization of deceased beings-whether humans or animals, through the reconstructions of their skulls. With this, the public may become more interested and be able to relate more with history as they are being discovered. Study of Migration in Africa through DNA analysis Another popular function of DNA analysis, which has been mentioned earlier, is genealogy detection. Recently, this technique has been used by Stanford University researchers in order to determine traces of ancestry between two regions in Africa at different periods of time. This has led the researchers to have successfully established that animal-herding methods were brought to Africa through migration rather than through the sharing of knowledge in between groups of

Communication Barriers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication Barriers - Research Paper Example   Communication is a very important skill since it plays a decisive role in determining people’s tendency to be productive in the workplace, neighborhoods, classrooms, and all kinds of settings. The communication skills of an individual affect his/her own as well as the organization’s effectiveness as a whole (Brun, 2010; Summers, 2010). Although many people can communicate enough to convey their meaning and perceive others’, not many people are able to communicate effectively. Lack of effective communication is one of the most fundamental factors that inhibit the effectiveness of an organization (Lutgen-Sandvik, 2010). The process of communication involves encoding and sending of the messages by the senders and decoding of the messages by the receivers (Lunenburg, 2010, p. 2; Ergen, 2010, p. 2). Interferences in the process of communication reduce the effectiveness of communication and may even distort the process altogether. ... ess of communication, it is imperative that senders and receivers develop the skills to handle the different kinds of barriers that distort the process of communication (Lehman and DuFrene, 2008). Barriers experienced in the process of communication are of different types that include but are not limited to verbal, nonverbal, external, and internal. Types of communication barriers Verbal barriers Verbal barriers in communication are caused because of inadequate vocabulary or lack of knowledge of the other person’s language (Ergen, 2010). Verbal barriers in communication are typically experienced in culturally diverse workplaces where workers belonging to different cultures and having proficiency in different languages have to interact with one another in a standard language according to the policy of the organization. Even if the vocabulary is enough to carry out the conversation, the differences of dialects and speed of speech pose difficulties in achieving effectiveness in c ommunication. For example, Indians’ way of speaking English is significantly different from that of African Americans’. Even within the native population of America, a range of regional dialects of English prevails. Differences in perception are also characterized as verbal barriers in communication. Differences in perception are influenced by socioeconomic background, educational background, age, experiences, and culture. People from different age groups have different levels of maturity that cause them to voice different opinions that can often be conflicting with one another’s. Differences in socioeconomic status and educational status pave way for the development of inferiority or superiority complexes among the interacting partners that reduce the effectiveness of communication.

Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making Assignment

Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making - Assignment Example Additionally, key information regarding revenue and company’s overall performance help them in their regular decision making (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Managers and executives operate at middle level and operational level within a corporation. They are essentially responsible for a variety of operational, strategic and investment related decision making on a regular basis. However, all these decisions require accurate, consistent, timely and reliable financial information regarding firm’s activities. For instance, managers at Tesco are responsible for sales forecasting and projections and for this purpose they need information such as past revenue data, sales volume and so on. Another illustration can be, if an operational manager wishes to minimise operational cost at BT, then the manager will require information related to various general and operational expenses. Such information can be obtained only from the financial statements of BT (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Owners and partners are ultimately held responsible for proper functioning of a business firm. Organisations such as BT and Tesco are public corporations that are managed by group of shareholders where primary decision making is done by board of directors and chairman of the company. Board of directors including the chairman are responsible for framing strategic decision such as merger and acquisition, expansion to new market, new product development and undertaking new projects. All these activities require capital and scope of future prospect for the firm. Board members generally evaluate capital structure of the company, returns on investment and overall financial position of the firm from financial prior taking long term strategic decision. Owners are mostly interested in liquidity and solvency of a firm so that they can pay off various creditors and investors (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Organisations such as Tesco and BT have a number of

Morals vs. Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Morals vs. Ethics - Essay Example The morality conundrum gains importance with each passing day since environmental decision making has gained its due share within the midst of things. The comparison of morality with ethics must not come in the way of the environmental decision making since this is something that could be solved if both moral and ethical domains are kept in close check of one another. However the argument stems from the fact that morals and ethics are distinguished against one another, which in essence means that there are ambiguities for all and sundry, in the long run. The environmental decision making thus becomes a non-issue in the fight of survival for morality and ethics. The interesting debate of morals vs. ethics is helpful as far as degrading the environment and its pertinent decisions are concerned. The reason for the same is that morality is a much cherished priority for the people and hence following the dictum within the environmental decision making scenarios becomes an even more desired proposition. The environmental decision making is hard to make – for the fact that there are judgments drawn every now and so often, alternatives found on each and every pathway, both short term and long term decisions studied in depth and thus a clear cut approach is manifested by the people who matter the most within the environmental decision making processes. The contrasting mannerisms related with morals and ethics in the discussion of the environmental decision making processes brings to light the notion of ‘doing it right’ and that too on a proactive and consistent basis. (Brewer & Stern, 2005) What this does is to document a clear cut beginning for the steps that will indeed be taken within the environmental folds and which will ultimately prove to be significant in the long run. More than anything else, it is the fight of morality and ethics that bring a bad taste in the mouth as far as

Understanding contesting claims about the pork barrel issue Essay Example for Free

Understanding contesting claims about the pork barrel issue Essay The talk started with the historical background of Priority Development Assistance Fund. It was truly insightful as I have come to learn when and how it was created. It was surprising to know the total amount of the PDAF that legislators get. I don’t think it is very reasonable for them to get that high amount. I stand with those who are pro to the abolition of PDAF since I learned and came to realize that the role of the legislators are to make laws. Why would they need 200 Million to make laws, they definitely use the fund they get for their own benefits. It was also said in the talk that they get kickbacks to every project they would create or start. I dont know how they can live without conscience because of the millions of pesos they steal from the hard work earned money of ordinary Filipino citizens. If the money was properly used we would probably have a better life in our country now. There would be lesser people who experience poverty. If that money was properly used our country would have been more progressive. I am fuming mad for every political leaders who runs for position just to steal millions of money that is supposedly for the betterment of the citizens of our country and our country itself. The money would have been used to address many problems in health, housing, education, agriculture or even national security. It is sad that those type of leaders get elected because of many citizens of our country do not vote wisely or their vote was bought or there was a fraud in the elections. Those political leaders who seek to steal money from the hardworking citizens should be jailed and suffer for the consequence they did. The talk served as an awakening to us students to the reality of politics. The political leaders should do their jobs properly because the ones who suffer from their wrong doings are the ordinary citizens of our country because they don’t get and enjoy the benefits they should have received.

Operating A Stick Shift Transmission Essay Example for Free

Operating A Stick Shift Transmission Essay Driving is a part of everyday life for a majority of adult Americans, but many of them have not experienced driving a standard stick shift transmission. Driving a stick seems more complicated than driving an automatic, but it makes driving more exciting. There are also many advantages to driving a stick transmission rather than automatic transmission, such as the transmission will last longer, less gas will be wasted, and the car will go faster more easily. A car that has a stick shift transmission has an extra pedal called a clutch, and five different speeds found on the shifter. Driving a five-speed transmission places the most emphasis on being able to control your left foot, and timing your left foot to hit the clutch at the precise time. To get started driving a stick shift the learner should be accompanied by a person who already knows how to operate a stick transmission. The best place to practice and learn how to drive a stick transmission is in a large, open vacant parking lot.The learner should next familiarize themself with the differences between a stick shift transmission and an automatic transmission. In the parking lot with the vehicles engine turned off, apply the right foot to the brake pedal, and practice getting a feel of the clutch pedal by pushing it in and out with your left foot. Then the learner should view the shift pattern shown on the top of the shift knob. First gear is usually located by pushing the shift lever forward. Then, with the clutch pedal pushed all the way down, move the gearshift lever through the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and reverse gears a few times and then put the gearshift lever into neutral. Neutral is located in the middle of the shift pattern. Next you are ready to start driving. With the transmission in neutral, start the engine and then press the accelerator lightly to get the feel of the accelerator pedal. Next, take your right foot off of the accelerator completely and let the engine just idle. Push the clutch pedal in completely, hold it in, and place the gearshift into 1st gear. Now is the moment of truth, showing that you can drive a stick shift. Continue to keep your right foot off of the  accelerator, but very slowly let out the clutch until the vehicle just begins to creep forward. This is accomplished by moving the clutch pedal in and out just a little bit, about a half-inch, to get the vehicle to begin rolling forward. Work on slowly letting the clutch pedal out until you can get the vehicle to move forward at a couple miles per hour in 1st gear without touching the accelerator. If the vehicle stalls, it is no big deal. Just push the clutch pedal in and restart the engine. The vehicle stalling usually becomes a big problem, and especially frustrating for the learner because it occurs so frequently. The next thing for the learner to do is just keeping the ride smooth. Your goal is to be able to smoothly let the clutch pedal out and have the vehicle move ever so slowly forward. The purpose of this step is to allow you to focus solely on training just your left foot for smooth controlled clutch movement. Once you are comfortable with releasing the clutch at the right time, you can practice pressing the accelerator lightly and letting out the clutch. After you are able to drive the vehicle in 1st gear, practice releasing the accelerator, pushing the clutch in all the way, moving the gearshift in to 2nd gear, and letting out the clutch, which usually occurs around fifteen miles per hour. Then the learner will soon be able to easily shift into each other gear, and be driving all around the streets. Those are the simple steps for being able to easily operate and control driving a car with standard stick shift transmission. Cars with stick shift transmission are more affordable because less people drive them and are more cost efficient for the driver. Learning to drive a stick shift transmission is not as complicated as others may make you believe, a person just needs to have patience and good coordination. Hopefully this paper may have taught you some new things about driving a standard stick shift transmission.

Synthetic A Priori Knowledge And Judgment Philosophy Essay

Synthetic A Priori Knowledge And Judgment Philosophy Essay It is common knowledge that we all make judgments. Judgments about people we meet, what we or others should look like, or even judgments about world affairs and nature. Yet what knowledge do we have instilled in us or how is knowledge presented to us that allow us to make the judgments we make. With that in mind, the followed text is comparing analytic and synthetic judgments while holding emphasis on synthetic a priori knowledge as reflected in Kants Critique of Pure Reason. I will then take these ideas a step further by comparing Kants ideas and arguments against Humes as it was he who interrupted his dogmatic slumbers and gave his investigations in the field of speculative philosophy a quite new direction. (Critique of Pure Reason) To begin, Kant had a few issues with the way previous philosophers used the term analytic and synthetic judgment. Based on their use of the terms, he can to the conclusion that they failed to differentiate between the judgments in a way that justifies their use. As defined by Wikipedia, An analytic judgment is a proposition whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept. While a synthetic judgment, is a proposition whose predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept. While these two definitions of the judgments have been used in philosophy in many different ways to justify many philosophical arguments or ideas, Kant believed the two judgments were not coextensive so he gave four other logical combinations that he felt should be examined while defining analytic and synthetic judgments. Analytic a posteriori judgments cannot arise, since there is never any need to appeal to experience in support of a purely explicative assertion. Synthetic a posteriori judgments are the relatively uncontroversial matters of fact that we come to know by means of our sensory experience (though Wolff had tried to derive even these from the principle of contradiction). Analytic a priori judgments, everyone agrees, include all merely logical truths and straightforward matters of definition; they are necessarily true. Synthetic a priori judgments are the crucial case, since only they could provide new information that is necessarily true. But neither Leibniz nor Hume considered the possibility of any such case (Kemerling 2). With the definitions and formulations of the judgments aside, Kant believed that it was possible to synthetic a priori judgments because these types of judgments are what most of human knowledge is based from. With Hume in mind, Kant generally believed that Humes view on arithmetic and geometry could be used as the building blocks for natural science. Once the foundations for natural science have been laid, you can then use that information to explain certain events or predict what the future holds in respect to natural science. Hume derived this line of thinking from two different explanations. He believed that ideas come from impressions and relations of ideas which can be shown through mathematics. These impressions and relations of ideas then lay the ground work or foundation for the natural sciences. With the foundation of natural sciences being formed through impressions and relation of ideas, Hume also believed cause and effect played a role, but that experience can never be a source of any of the ideas for natural science. The reason for this is that experience is the clear example of the constant conjunction between cause and effect and it is above all clear that we cannot have knowledge without cause and effect. Thus, cause and effect gives us our impressions and relations of ideas which help form knowledge. The negative portion of Humes analysis-his demonstration that matters of fact rest upon an unjustifiable belief that there is a necessary connection between the causes and their effects-was entirely correct. (Kemerling 2) Humes rationality of cause and effect forces his conclusion that induction has no logical force. That causes have explanations behind them that could be traced back to natural reasons and are above all determined by nature. Kants Critique of Pure Reason shows how reason determines the conditions under which experience and knowledge are based. (Kemerling 1) This means that if I want to buy a car, I must have money and knowledge of what it will cost to buy a car. Without money, I cannot buy a new car or without the knowledge of where to buy a car, I would not know of a car to buy. This is where we take our experience and knowledge and combine them to give us cause and effect as above. When we have concepts of understanding, those ideas will provide us with the ability to connect knowledge together to create a synthetic a priori judgment. Kant believes that all of our knowledge stems from experience, but that our knowledge does not have to stem out of the experience. In other words a priori knowledge is independent of our experiences and senses. With that said, Kant believed that philosophy must stand in the need of a science that will determine the extent of all of it. Mathematics is an example of how far, independently of experience, we can progress in a priori knowledge. (Kemerling 3) So in conclusion, natural science contains a priori synthetic judgments and metaphysics contains a priori synthetic knowledge. Kant believes that pure reason is, That which contains the principles whereby we know anything absolutely a priori. (Critique of Pure Reason) Its like adding and subtracting which brings about a priori answers, once we do that our judgments and concepts stem from an a priori origin. For the analysis, that is, mere dissection of concepts, contained in this or that, is not the aim of, but only a preparation for metaphysics proper, which has its object the extension, by means of synthesis of prior knowledge. For Humes analysis by Kant he stated that all things ultimately exist in space, a priori, before we can sense. The priori of an object is their concept of it. It is more than showing these concepts, but containing a knowledge of their concepts and how it can be arrived as a synthesis, of a priori knowledge. (Jones 2) Overall, both Hume and Kant came to agree that all theoretical sciences of reason have synthetic a priori judgments and are followed in these principles; All knowledge begins with an experience. A priori knowledge is independent of experiences. If we understand and adapt to these principles of synthetic a priori judgment, we may begin to understand everything within a better light especially cause and effect. In respect to both Hume and Kant, I must say I agree with their definitive choices for use of the judgments. While pushing aside analytic judgments, both Kant and Hume make strong arguments for why synthetic a priori judgments are not only the foundation for natural science, but also for the definitive source of almost all human knowledge. I agree with Kant in saying that we can have an idea or impression of something which knowledge can be stemmed from, but I genuinely dont believe we can know something without having experience of it. You can have an idea of something, but not knowledge of something and those two ideals are drastically different in my mind. Overall, Kant does a great job at conforming and revamping Humes ideas on synthetic a priori judgment and without synthetic a priori knowledge, we would defiantly be lacking much knowledge in the human culture.

Family Values Essay -- Morals, Ethics, personal values

When raising a child one is taught values by their families that they feel are important for their child to have. I believe that family values consist of certain actions and qualities that are important to a family to uphold. Values that are important in my family are honesty, trust and to have respect for others. Each of these values is equally important in my family. They played a big role into making me the person I am now. Growing up in my family taught me that honesty is the best policy. When I would get into trouble as a child I would often try to lie to my mom thinking that would save me from being punished. I soon learned that lying would only get me into more trouble than I was already. Honesty has given me the reputation of being a good friend. One can always rely on me to le...

The Importance of Art Education in Young Children Essay -- The Benefit

In today’s society, much of our evaluation of academic achievement is based on a very narrow perspective of what sort of capabilities determine a child’s intelligence. The typical mindset of today’s educational systems views students who receive high scores on standardized tests such as the SAT or ACT as high ability students; such a statement, although true, limits the opportunities of students who are, in fact, intelligent, but in different academic areas. Because of the recent focus on math and reading scores, schools are doing away with art-related programs at an aggressive and alarming rate. What many do not realize, or rather, realize, but fail to acknowledge, is that involvement in art encourages development in many different areas and has been shown to improve a child’s overall performance (Arts). Involvement in visual arts enables children to begin building important life skills at a young age. Therefore, integrating art programs into the young c hild’s educational curriculum will help them reach maximum potential throughout their lifetime. Visual arts should be kept in schools because it enables children to express themselves, improves academics, and provides a therapeutic outlet that encourages maximum opportunity for development. One of the many benefits of involvement in visual arts is self-expression. A piece of art often reflects the mood of the artist or depicts a scenario that is related to an incident of importance in the artist’s life (Schlerf). As a result, visual art has become a helpful tool of communication. This is especially true for children, who may not know how to otherwise convey their feelings. These feelings could be expressed outright or through a metaphorical approach. Children might communic... ...hing Group. Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. "Fact Sheet About the Benefits of Arts Education for Children." Americans for the Arts. 04 Apr. 2009. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. Schlerf, Lauren. "Arts Education Initiative: Therapeutic Potential for Children - Erika Schnaps." MyPortfolio. University of Southern California, 07 Mar. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. Smith, Fran. "Why Arts Education Is Crucial, and Who's Doing It Best | Edutopia." K-12 Education & Learning Innovations with Proven Strategies That Work | Edutopia. Edutopia, 28 Jan. 2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. "What Are The Benefits Of Art Programs? | LIVESTRONG.COM." LIVESTRONG.COM - Lose Weight & Get Fit with Diet, Nutrition & Fitness Tools. Demand Media, Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Se "What Is Art Therapy?" Art Therapy. International Art Therapy Organization, 2009. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. 1.

Rastafarianism in Jamaica Essay -- Religion

Rastafarianism arose in the slums of Jamaica around the time between the nineteen twenties and nineteen thirties. It has a lot of inspirations of Christianity combined into its culture. Rastafarianism is a very interesting religion; it’s followers known as Rastafarians as well as Rasta’s or Rastafaris, derived from Jamaica to form a unique clan of Jamaican-English. For most Rastafarians what they believe is not a religion, but simply just a way of life. Rastafarians share their emotions about oppression, poverty, and black discrimination along with their religion. The next few paragraphs will explain Rasta history, major beliefs, religious practices, and the religions subdivisions. In the early years of this religion a man by the name of Marcus Garvey, born in Jamaica in 1887, started teaching to other Jamaicans to stand up for their race and culture. He formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914. Marcus Garvey preached all over Jamaica, he believed that Jamaicans were really Israelites and were shunned to Jamaica as a punishment. Garvey wrote a very powerful play called â€Å"The Coronation of The King and Queen of Africa†. Many Rastafarians have said Garvey told them they need to go to Africa and there they will find the king they are looking for to save them. Soon after on the second of November 1930 they crowned Ras Tafari Makonnen as their emperor of Ethiopia. This emperor took the name of Haile Selassie, which by definition means â€Å"Might of The Trinity†. To many he was a form of Jesus Christ. On the other hand Marcus Garvey disliked emperor Selassie immensely, he thought that he was an unequipped leader. Haile Selassie s pread the thought that god created the black man before he even created the white man. â€Å"Rastaf... ...birthday and a certain color. Rastafarianism began on the principles of equality and black freedom. Over many years it has grown into a huge religion practiced by many. It has spread not only in Jamaica, but the Caribbean, England, the US and Canada also. There are now over one million people today that practice the religion of Rastafarianism. If someone wanted a calm, peaceful, and meaningful life without hatred they should defiantly consider practicing the religion of Rastafarianism. Overall this religion brings the unity of all ethnicities and the harmony and unity of its people with the environment. Works Cited Beyer, Catherine. "Rastafari." . N.p., 2012. Web. 6 Apr 2012. . . "Rastafari." . N.p., 2004. Web. 6 Apr 2012. . . "Rastafarian History." . BBC Religion, 21 Oct 2009. Web. 6 Apr 2012. .

Comparison Essay between the Narrative of Mary Rowlandson

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (Rowlandson, 1682/1996) The setting was New England. The English had established settlements in the Eastern board of the present-day United States to expand England’s trade routes in the Americas. The expansion was accompanied by mass conversion of Indians, whom the Europeans regarded as savage or uncivilized heathens. The missionary work though of Puritan pastors in New England was generally unsuccessful. The Indians associated the spread of new diseases   and dissension with Christianity. The Puritan pastors were not prevented from preaching Christianity to the Indians because of military support from the colonial government. In 1675, Wampanoag Chief Metacomet became overcritical of the English over the issues of encroching tribal lands and of course, the preaching of Christianity. He launched a series of raids in New England and captured many prisoners. One of them was Mary White Rowlandson, a wife of a Congregationist minister, and mother of three children. Mary Rowlandson became a prisoner of the Indians for several months. She and her children, while at captivity, were forced to work as members of the tribe. They were ransomed and freed before the end of the war. During her captivity, she wrote a narrative depicted her life as a prisoner of war and member of a tribe. Rowlandson’s narrative depicted first amd foremost the beliefs of the Puritan missionaries. Most of the Puritans in New England lived areligious and humble life. Because of their desire to convert the Indians, they were drawn to the wilderness and the â€Å"wild natives† who inhabit it. This mixture of piety and adventure affected Puritan literature. The Puritans were portrayed as the pious servants of God, the Indians the prospect hostile Gentiles. In many passages of Rowlandson’s narrative, the Indians were depicted as cannibalistic and enchanted. Thus, the narrative of Rowlandson served as a moral guidance to the English Puriatn reader, a form of unwavering salute to God. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Douglas, _/1999) The life of an American slave during the colonial and pre-Civil War America was miserable and degrading. The distance between the white man and the African was so intense that even african language was discriminated. In addition, the increasing complexity of American economic life demanded cheap labor. Here, the Negroes served the purpose. There was no magnanimity on the part of the English and later American settlers to the Negroes. They were seldom treated as human beings. In this narrative, Frederick Douglas showed the sufferings of the Negroes on rational and economic terms. Douglas treated discrimination as a form of social ill experienced by the Negroes. He argued that the properties of the whites were built on slave labor, a form of economic backlashing. In his commentary on slave songs, he maintained distance between himself and slavery. In reality, he did not understand the meaning of the songs although he was a slave. Thus, he interpreted all slave songs as laments. Here, Douglas made an error when he said that all slave songs were born out of hatred and ill comfort. In essence, many of the slave songs were songs of joy, work, and adventure. The physical and social depravity of the Negroes forced them to enjoy work as it may deem fit. The adventures of their ancestors in Africa were told with gestures of joy and respect; a form of cultural appraisal. Thus, when Douglas assumed himself as the mediator between the white and the Negroes, he himself embraced both cultures as if no essential defects were visible. Here, unlike Rowlandson, Douglas played as an objective narrator. References Douglas, Frederick. 1999. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave. Oxford; Oxford University Press. Rowlandson, Mary White. 1682/1996. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs.

America’s Commercial Airline Industry

1989 has been a year in which both aviation experts and spokesmen. For the flying public have expressed intensified concern over what they perceive to be a substantial deterioration in the safety of America†s passenger airline operations. In the first nine months of 1989 alone, there have been ten fatal air crashes involving large transport-category planes owned by U. S. based carriers (Ott p. 28). This compares disfavorably to the first nine of months of 1988, when but two such accidents took place, and in fact, it is the highest number of death-causing accidents for the American commercial aviation industry during the 1980s (Fotos p. ). This spate of airborne tragedies has prompted interested parties to ask a series of disturbing questions. Is it now safe to fly on American owned airlines, and, related to this, is it now riskier to board these planes than it was before industry deregulation took place in 1978? What, if any, specific factors have contributed to the perceived decline in the industry†s safety standards? Finally, what, if anything, can be done to enhance the airworthiness of U. S. passenger planes and to improve the safety performance of the crews who man them? In this paper, all three of these questions will be addressed, and, without advancing too far ahead, we discover that there simply are no definitive answers to any of them. As serious accidents among America†s air carriers have mounted in 1989, a â€Å"conventional wisdom† has supplied a plausible account of the historical roots of the present safety problem. In 1978, the Federal government de-regulated the U. S. airline industry. Faced with an increasingly competitive environment, individual carriers tried to hold down fares by making cost-related cuts in policies and procedures related to safety. Many have argued that, â€Å"increased competition may lead airlines to skimp on investments in safety,†(Bornstein and Zimmerman p. 913) by, for example, allowing aging planes to take to the skies following routine inspections rather than replacing them with new craft. But there is an overarching problem with this explanation: 1989†³s accidents apart, empirical data suggest that it is currently safer to fly on a plane operated by a major U. S. air carrier than it was ten years ago! In 1978, the odds of a large airliner†s becoming involved in fatal crash were one for every million aircraft departures; ten years later, that proportion has dropped to around one in every 2. 25 million departures (McConnel p. 207). On the whole, it is, in fact, comparatively safe to fly, and even with 1989 crash incidents added to the aggregated figures, flying is no more dangerous today than it was prior to deregulation. The Federal Aviation Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board and an array of independent air safety experts have all probed this year†s major airline accidents. Despite all of post hoc study, they have been unable to discern a common link among them, (Ott p. 28) with one major exception. The qualification at hand refers to dramatic increase in the volume of air traffic since de-regulation. According to NTSB member John Lauber, † ‘ if there is a trend in accidents, it is a trend set by the increasing volume of air transport operations rather than any fundamental deterioration in the margins of safety (Ott p. 28). At first glance, this argument is comforting: more flights in the air simply result in more accidents commensurate with higher traffic volumes, so that the impact of de-regulation has had only the broadest and most indirect influences upon the industry†s safety record. But to ascribe the recent rash of safety problems to the â€Å"neutral† effect of higher traffic volume in the wake of de-regulation and leave it at that overlooks several critical points. For example, to remain competitive, many airlines schedule flights in clusters for the convenience of their passengers. This, in turn, as Rudolf Kapustin (an independent industry- watcher) states, tends to increase risks among flight occurring at â€Å"peak times (Ott p. 28). † Far more worrisome, when accidents for smaller, commuter or regional airlines are factored in, we find that 16 percent of all airlines had safety records considerably worse than the norm, accounting for nearly 80 percent of all airborne accidents between 1977 and 1984 (Ott p. 30). These figures strongly indicate that policies and practices by the airlines themselves may have acted as variables that have had a role in recent accidents. There are two major factors that appear to have had a part in this year†s major carrier crashes, both of which can be related to cost cutting challenges upon the airlines unleashed by de-regulation. The first of these concerns the planes themselves. There is evidence to suggest that some U. S. airlines are operating a higher percentage of â€Å"high time† or â€Å"geriatric† aircraft than was previously the case. About 2,300 of the 8,000 odd commercial jets flown by major airline crews have passed twenty years of continuous service. Plainly, aging fleets have some immediate linkage to two recent air fatalities. In April, 1988 Aloha Airlines 737 experienced a structural collapse; a huge section of the upper fuselage peeled off; one flight attendant was killed and sixty-one passengers were injured. â€Å"The aircraft in question,† investigators found, had logged some 90,000 take-off/landing duty cycle, † the second highest number recorded by any jetliner operating in the free world. Eight months later, with the Aloha case still under study, a United Airlines 747 bound for Honolulu literally disintegrated in the air over the Pacific Ocean, resulting in nine deaths. This craft was another â€Å"veteran† plane, one that had a maintenance record suggesting increasing safety problems. Clearly, there is an economic motive behind airline operation of â€Å"geriatric† planes. A Boeing 737, for example, cost around $25 million at present, so that, † it is in the economic interest of an airline to prolong the life of its current fleet if it can do so at reasonable cost and without compromising safety. In the opinion of some critics, given the competitive pressures of a de-regulated market environment, some airlines are paying too much attention to this economic imperative, and, conversely, too little care to the maintenance of adequate safety standards. Most jet transport accidents are not the result of equipment failure; a full two-thirds can be attributed to human error. At present, all U. S. air carriers, major airlines and regionals alike, are facing a reduced pool of qualified pilots and flight personnel to staff their crews. De-regulation has meant a higher level of demand for a finite number of qualified crew members, and, at the same time, the number of potential crew members leaving the nation†s armed forces (the traditional mainstay of new hires for the airlines) has dropped sharply in recent years. As has been noted in a recent issue of Aviation Week & Space Technology: † the major airlines are reported to be drastically reducing the amount of flying time they require from applicants, â€Å"and while † there is no shortage of applicants (there is) a shortage of highly qualified ones (Pilot Turnover†¦ p. 91). Inexperienced pilots tend to make more mistakes than their veteran counterparts, so that the labor demand growth that has taken place with deregulation coupled with a reduced number of former armed forces pilots available may well be a factor undermining airline safety. Having stated that it is, in general, safe to board U. S. operated planes, yet another qualification must be made at this juncture. Smaller carriers, flying short routes and known as â€Å"commuter† airlines have much worse safety records than the major airlines. According to McConnell: In the past decade, commuter airlines have had 81 fatal accidents, Killing 384 people. In 1987 alone 35 accidents caused 58 deaths. And in the first two months of 1988, crashes killed 22. The Commuters† fatal accidents rate per 100,000 departures has averaged Seven times that of the major airlines (McConnel p. 206). These smaller carriers, like their major airlines counternumbers, are subject to FAA monitoring and regulation, and the results of FAA inquiries into the safety of the commuter lines has led the Agency to suspend or revoke commuter airline operating certificates on 58 occasions since 1981 for safety violations. The heart of the problem with the commuter airlines resides in the shrinking pool of qualified pilots available to them (Ott p. 28). Generally offering lower pay than the majors, the commuter lines have experienced a drain of talent as many of their most experienced pilots have left to take positions with the majors. In 1985, major U. S. carriers hired some 7,600n new pilots; the majority of them previously worked for commuter airlines (McConnel p. 209). At the same time, willingness of the majors to accept less qualified pilots from sources apart from the regionals has decreased the quality of regional hires yet another notch (Pilot Turnover†¦ p. 91). The trend toward less experienced crews in this segment of the industry is undeniable. † The pilots hired by U. S. regionals who had less than 2,000 hr. flight time rose 22. 3% of those hired in 1985 to 36. 2% in the first six months of 1989 (Ott p. 29). In addition to a declining level of experience in the cockpits of commuter aircraft, these pilots face demands that often exceed those placed upon pilots working for the majors. On some small carriers, pilots face several trips a day between under-equipped airfields, and in addition must plan routes, study weather, handle baggage and even fuel the plane. Fatigue can become a factor (McConnel p. 207). To fill spots, regionals have tried to lure flight instructors from flying schools into their ranks (Pilots Turnover†¦ p. 91). Unfortunately, by engaging in this practice, the regionals reduce the capacity of the nation†s flight schools to enlarge the pool of personnel available to all carriers. If a shortage of qualified crew members is identified as a factor that has some causal relation to a perceived decline in American air carrier safety, this effect is most acute at the level of the commuter/regional firms. The evidence regarding the effect of de-regulation upon safety for American airlines is mixed, inconclusive, but nevertheless broad enough. Common sense tells us that older planes and less experienced crews will have a negative impact upon safety, and, in the case of commuter lines, the latter has probably contributed to a performance record significantly below that of the major carriers. Given that a case can be made that identifiable variables are now eroding flight safety, the question naturally becomes: What can be done to remedy or, at least, ameliorate this situation? The FAA formed an Airworthiness Assurance Task Force shortly after the Aloha incident, and, in February, 1989, this body issued its recommendations. These proposals generally dealt with the tandem problems of aging fleets and inexperienced crews. Regarding the former, The Task Force noted that in several recent accidents, parts that had either been inspected and passed review or parts that were thought to have an â€Å"infinite† working life, broke down. The Airworthiness Assurance Task Force recommended to the FAA an $800 million program to upgrade older aircraft. The key provision would mandate the replacement of various parts and assemblies at specified time intervals, even if inspection detected no flaws. In other words, the industry would move to a plan of preventive replacement, rather than preventive maintenance. The plan would require repairs in about one of every five jetliners currently in service (Hoffer p115). The FAA itself has followed up on this recommendation: this year the agency mandated replacement of rivets on older 727s, and in the near future, the order will be extended to veteran 737s and 747s as well. The cost of all this promises to be high, amounting to an average of around $600,000 per plane. Still, conducted on a phased basis, it does not spell financial ruin for the majors, and given FAA powers, they have no choice but to comply. The FAA has also made recommendations regarding improvement of crew performance. It has, for example, suggested that airlines should â€Å"avoid pairing two pilots who may be qualified but inexperienced, either as pilot or in the particular aircraft type they would be flying (Ott p. 29). † The Agency has also urged that only experienced pilots be given control over aircraft during times of severe weather conditions. Both of these proposals have been accepted by the industry. Far more controversial, the FAA has also endorsed the idea of setting autonomous safety departments within each airline that would have absolute power to ground flights or personnel on the basis of safety. These departments would actively monitor pilot performance through retrospective examination of data contained in tapes on flight recorders (Fotos p. 31). Although the airlines see such a move as having safety-enhancing outcomes, the notion that control over scheduled flights will be ceded by line management to a safety procedures, has met with some resistance. At bottom, implementing the FAA†s suggestions will carry a step price tag in both financial and management labor terms, and taken together, may contribute to a second round of shakeouts, as weaker carriers will not be able to bear these costs and continue to be competitive.

Business Law Assignment Essay

The main point for consideration in this situation is whether the initial agreement between Packard and Hewlett constitutes as a contract that has a legal relationship, and if so, is Hewlett within his rights to void the established contract and sell the laptop to the offeror with a higher price. The General Principle of Law here would imply here that Hewlett and Packard, are in a contract due to consensus ad idem, in that a meeting of minds must be between the two parties to be counted as a contract (Don Mayer, 2011). This contract is enforceable as the following factors are present: 1)Offer: Hewlett had made a bilateral offer to his classmates to sell his laptop at $800/-. This is an offer as the offeror had indicated his intention to sell his laptop to any member of his class at $800. 2)Acceptance: Packard had clearly communicated his unconditional acceptance of his offer, thereby closing the offer. 3)Consideration and Legal Relations: Consideration under the Law is defined as â€Å"some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other† Currie v Misa (1875) (InBrief: Free Legal Information, 2014). Hewlett promised to do the transaction of the laptop tomorrow after he transferred his data in the laptop and Packard agreed. This is executory consideration and shows that due consideration has been done on the part of the promisee. Legal relations are thus also created. They are thus in a legally binding contract and either party can sue should there be a breach. Hewlett is not able to revoke his offer once accepted even if someone were to offer him a higher price for the laptop. However, Hewlett sold his laptop to Compac for $1000, discharging his contract with Packard by Breach. Hewlett has by his own act disabled himself from performing the contract and Packard can thus bring action against him for the Breach of Contract. The Principle guiding this was established in Synge v Synge (1894). Recommendation and Conclusion In conclusion, Packard is able to bring action against Hewlett for selling the laptop to Compac even after an initial contract was established with Packard. He is able to sue under Discharge of Contract by Breach and the Court will likely move possession of the laptop back to Packard after Packard pays Hewlett the $800 as agreed. Hewlett will also have to refund Compac his $1000.

Philosophy reasoning Essay

Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Ethics, or â€Å"moral philosophy,† is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to  live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Definition: — The term philosophy itself comes from the Greek philosophia, which means love of wisdom. –The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. –The critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge. Meaning: –The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods. Significance: For us to avoid being fooled by those learned person, it removes or takes away doubts, it turns life to be simple and flexible in any circumstances†¦. The Importance of Philosophy Philosophic thought is an inescapable part of human existence. Almost everyone has been puzzled from time to time by such essentially philosophic questions as â€Å"What does life mean? † â€Å"Did I have any existence before I was born? † and â€Å"Is there life after death? † Most people also have some kind of philosophy in the sense of a personal outlook on life. Even a person who claims that considering philosophic questions is a waste of time  is expressing what is important, worthwhile, or valuable. A rejection of all philosophy is in itself philosophy. By studying philosophy, people can clarify what they believe, and they can be stimulated to think about ultimate questions. A person can study philosophers of the past to discover why they thought as they did and what value their thoughts may have in one’s own life. There are people who simply enjoy reading the great philosophers, especially those who were also great writers. Philosophy has had enormous influence on our everyday lives. The very language we speak uses classifications derived from philosophy. For example, the classifications of noun and verb involve the philosophic idea that there is a difference between things and actions. If we ask what the difference is, we are starting a philosophic inquiry. Every institution of society is based on philosophic ideas, whether that institution is the law, government, religion, the family, marriage, industry, business, or education. Philosophic differences have led to the overthrow of governments, drastic changes in laws, and the transformation of entire economic systems. Such changes have occurred because the people involved held certain beliefs about what is important, true, real, and  significant and about how life should be ordered. Systems of education follow a society’s philosophic ideas about what children should be taught and for what purposes. Democratic societies stress that people learn to think and make choices for themselves. Nondemocratic societies discourage such activities and want their citizens to surrender their own interests to those of the state. The values and skills taught by the educational system of a society thus reflect the society’s philosophic ideas of what is important. A philosophic system is an integrated view of existence. As a human being, you have no choice about the fact that you need a philosophy. Your only choice is whether you define your philosophy by a conscious, rational, disciplined process of thought and scrupulously logical deliberation — or let your subconscious accumulate a junk heap of unwarranted conclusions, false generalizations, undefined contradictions, undigested slogans, unidentified wishes, doubts and fears, thrown together by chance, but integrated by your subconscious into a kind of mongrel philosophy and fused into a single, solid weight: self-doubt, like a ball and chain in the place where your mind’s wings should have grown.

MGMT3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT3010 - Essay Example The last tier makes sure that the policies which are in practice are kept in such a manner that these benefit the organization in entirety. The four tiers within the functional experts are significant at gaining an understanding of the organization and the different roles that come about in the wake of changes and amendment happening from time to time. The benefits of the functional experts would in terms of providing value to the investors, customers and employees in essence. As far as the strategic partner is concerned, this helps in facilitating and coordinating strategies which benefit the employees and indeed the organization in the long run. It makes the tasks of all people easier without a doubt. The management reaps the dividends under such quarters because the processes play their significant role at benefiting the people at large. The strategic partner tries to integrate the different sectors within the business domains to make sure that there is a smooth operational regime in place. The strategic partner links up with the tasks with the resources which are available at their disposal and make sure that all the anomalies are taken care of without any hindrances. The strategic partner has always been an important element of any organization as its role is undoubted and there seem to be no issues which engulf their respective selves.

Outfoxed Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism Essay

Outfoxed Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism - Essay Example Indeed, as the former Fox News correspondent, Jon Du Pre, asserted, "We are not so much a news-gathering organization as we are a proponent of a point of view" (cited in "Outfoxed"). As the highly biased proponents of a particular point of view, Conway, Grabe and Grieves (2007) contend that the network does not only display a blatant disregard for media ethics but outright disrespect for the truth. It is this disrespect for the truth which is at the core of Fox News' failure to inform its viewers that no weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq and that much of the global community is opposed to this war. Indeed, a polling of Fox News viewers evidenced that, several years into the war, more than a third believed that WMDs had been found in Iraq and that the international community, including the Iraqi people themselves, are supportive of the United States' war (Conway, Grabe and Grieves, 2007). This amply evidences the extent to which the mass media can manufacture truth, irres pective of facts. The film establishes the degree to which Fox News distorts reality and obfuscates the truth.

Colon Cancer & Obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Colon Cancer & Obesity - Research Paper Example This research paper will look into obesity and colon cancer ion relation to obesity contribution to colon cancer. The paper will then address the extent of contribution of colon cancer, prevention measures, statistics and risk factors that are closely related to it (Pendyala, Neff, Suarez-Farinas and Holt, 2011). Pathophysiology Obese people have a high chance of getting colon cancer compared to healthy individual. Research has proved that obese people has a double likely hood of getting the disease. There is a possibility that obesity exacerbates inflammations in the colon which is associated with cancer. Colon cancer starts in form of non-cancerous growth which is referred to as polyp. The individuals who have the overweight have a higher chance of developing polyps. This puts obese people at a risk of getting colon cancer. Adipose tissue dysfunction is directly related to insulin resistance. Obese individuals have insulin resistance condition where serum level increases. This lead s to aversion of hyperglycemia. The condition of being insulin resistance plays a vital role in promoting cancer growth. Another factor that may lead to obese people having cancer is reduced plasma amount of adiponectin in obesity. Obese individuals are susceptible to oxidative stress which is associated with chronic inflammation leading to tumor development (Louis, Scott, Duncan & Flint, 2007). In obese individuals, several factors lead to the prevalence of the condition. These are classified into two broad categories the mechanisms s can be universal in nature such that they are related to all types of tumors from their relation to hormonal or other abnormalities that are evident in obesity. The other type is specific. They lead to a specific tumor in a specific position. This type is related to consequential effects of obesity. The diet intake of the obese people can also lead to obesity. The typical food that is available in the developed countries is rich in calories and also t here is high consumption of alcohol (Louis, Scott, Duncan & Flint, 2007). Most of the individuals who are obese use weight reducing diets to shed weight. This involves taking diets which are very low in carbohydrates. These diets are very low in carbohydrates but have excess amount of protein which makes it possible to reduce weight faster. These diets involve removal of starch and fiber. Through the use of these diets, the obese individual affects the fermentative activity that occurs in the large intestines. Reduction of the fermentative activity in the large intestines leads to reduction of butyrate and fatty acid in the fecal short chain. The shift in the diet leads to reduction in the bacteria. These are useful bacteria that help in reducing risk of colon cancer in the body. The evidence of the importance of these bacterial puts at risk individuals who are in weight loss diets. The long term effects of using the weight reduction diets are colon cancer. Another factor that can l ead obesity to colon cancer is intake of high protein diet during weight loss exercise. As the obese people try to restrict intake of carbohydrates, they consume food that is high in protein and fat. The reason behind taking food high in protein is satiety (Renehan, Tyson, Egger, Heller and Zwahlen, 2008). Insulin resistance is another cause of obesity related cancer. Obese individuals

Business law case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business law - Case Study Example The nature of the transaction is dependent upon the agreement between the parties. A novation also takes place when the original parties continue their obligation to one another, but a new agreement is substituted for the old. In order for the novation to be legally binding and enforceable, it must be agreed between all the parties involved and must be in writing as required by law. Answer: Breach of contract may be defined as the failure of one of the parties in a contract to abide with the terms or conditions of the contract. It gives rise to a cause of action and the party at fault could be held liable for the payment of damages. The party at fault could be held liable for the actual loss or nominal loss, or both of the aggrieved party. Actual losses are those that can be identified or estimated. Nominal losses are awarded when no apparent loss can be estimated as a result of the breach. In this case, Jettison could be held liable for payment of the actual loss suffered by the lessor which is the payment of the monthly lease for one year. The $250 dollar monthly reduction is not a loss at all so it is not compensable. Answer: One of the essential requisites of an employment contract is acceptance by the other party within a reasonable or a given period. The Big Bucks, Inc. offered an employment contract to Sara Student. ... The non-compete clause is a valid provision in an employment contract. It is an agreement that restricts an employee from seeking an employment to a similar institution, or to use the information gained after the employee had left the employer-company who made the agreement. This is to prevent trade secrets and confidential information from being exposed and utilized by other companies. The New York case of Double Click v. Henderson is the leading authority for this case (Nov. 7, 1997, WL 731413, N.Y. Sup. Crt.) Cyber-Deli Caf case: Issue: Is Kevin and his partners liable for the injury sustained by the customer who slipped and wrenched his back at the main dining area of the caf Answer: The premises liability rule is the body of law which makes the owner or possessor of land or property responsible or liable for injuries sustained by a person who is present in a premise (Expert Law). The US Reinstatement of (Second) Torts drafted by the American Law Institute is one of the legal sources of premises of liability. An example of premises liability can arise from a "slip and fall" accident. Slip and fall accident happens when an invitee, a licensee, or a trespasser slipped or fell in a property maintained by the owner or possessor causing him or her an injury as a result of the "dangerous condition" of the place which is known by the owner or possessor but was not anticipated by the injured party. To be legally responsible for the injuries someone suffered from slipping, tripping, or falling on someone else's property, the owner/possessor or the employee of a store, restaurant, or other business must have caused the spill, worn, or torn spot, or other

Value nd Utility Differ Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Value nd Utility Differ - Research Paper Example The need for strategic management in public sector has made organization to become more accountable for achieving best value performance and within a market concentrated arena. â€Å"It is perceived that the  government can benefit from private sector management and obtain better value for money  than by embarking on an infrastructure project by itself, using traditional public ownership and procurement methods† (Lienert, 2009, p. 16). In the public sector, value relate to production of goods and service to generate an influence on socio economic problems affecting the society at large. Value is ascertained by an authorizing background, enabling public organizations to influence its utility and provide the necessary finance. The concept of utility of the approach concerns with professional administration in an organizational form, which in any case applies to be a good feature for many public sector organizations. By persuading managers to concentrate on a limited number o f procedures it aims to support precision and utility of strategy accomplishment. In a public sector production processes create value addition in all of the world’s high technology production. Benefit derives from a trade surplus in revenues from production processes and technology. ... hly distinguished customer experience that eliminate dissatisfaction and brings happiness to customers and increase market share besides facilitating higher revenue growth. BlueJay Manufacturing Company is at crossroads in its development. As the business expands, they faced a crisis: too much business. BlueJay's in recent time product launches are more in demand than had been anticipated by the senior leadership team (SLT). Consequently, they were struggling to find methods to meet that higher demand. BlueJay worked hard during recent years to develop its once tarnished quality image, and the SL Team felt that this approach was the best method to maintain sufficient control of both quality and cost. On the other hand, with product demand now rising radically, a different tact must be considered. Beyond integrating the risks of outsourcing into the assessment, compare the in-house expenses to the supplier proposals BlueJay wants to completely capture the total life cycle expenses for finishing the work with in their own resources and hence outsourcing decision is not made on buy price alone. Though BlueJay does desire to keep the job inside, it necessitated considerable capital investment Butler decided that he wants a cross-functional group with representation from the other departments in the company and feels that he particularly requires the finance group and those entire experts in financial analysis for assessing the production versus purchase decision for the proposal to be given to the SLT. The supply chain program at leading utilities has altered substantially in current years. The original focus on savings cost and organizational effectiveness has evolved, with increased activity across every utility sectors, to confront the challenges of supply, cost