Library System Essay

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to Mr. Raquel V.desello the Brgy.Chairman of Street whose sincerity and encouragement I will never forget. Mr. Dominic Sales has been my inspiration as I hurdle all the obstacles in the completion this research work. My sincere thanks also goes Mrs. De Leon for offering me the summer internship opportunities in their groups and leading me working on diverse exciting projects. I thank my fellow comp.labmates in Trent Information First and other Group: Mr. Renz Paolo Cruz, Rochelle Dones for allow me to barrow her flash drive, and, for the stimulating discussions, for the rush hour we were working together before few minutes before defense, and for all the fun we have had in the last two years. Also I thank my friends in face book that gave me at least their effort to gave few sentence in my documentation Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents Mrs. Chanda Desello and Mr. Quemadge Desello, for giving birth to me at the first place and supporting me spiritually throughout my life. Same as my partner in case study Lienard Magno ABSTRACT This report describes our group’s implementation of a library Management system. We used the Entity-Relationship model to design a database that will store and organize the library’s data. We have Created the database using vb6.0 and populated it with some sample Data. The system can keep track of library cards, customers, Librarians, library locations, books, videos, and the relationships Between them. Using vb6.0 and adodb, we have Created an Internet-based graphical user interface that allows Customers and librarians to access the system remotely A simple library management system that provides following facilities login, register, add category, add / remove book, search / issue book, return book. Language used is C# and vb is been used in code. One Admin user is already there once db is installed with user name admin and password admin. Admin user has extra functionalities like add category, add/remove books. These functionalities cannot be done by simple user that registers. Password encryption – decryption has been used in project. It’s very simple project where in all the event of all forms has been handled in that acts as business and data access layer. All vB interactions are in this file only. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Now a day, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an incredibility fast place. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. In School, reading materials are stored in libraries. Library is a place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The librarian has to keep the room neat so that it is conducive for learning. The librarian is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the books that are borrowed and returned by the borrowers. The proponents will propose the Library Books borrowing and Returning System for Taytay Elementary School located at Taytay, Rizal, he Head Librarian, Ms. De Leon stated that they are currently using the Dewey Decimal Library System. They are still utilizing a manual system. The library users and the librarian still use card catalogues in searching for reading materials and use index card for the records of borrowed and returned books. The proponent’s study was what is which encounter to the Library by the user, Librarian and how the Owner or the Administrator of the said school will provide a good service to their clients to have a good feedback. The study will focus on transaction which done inside the Library like borrowing, returning of books by students, faculties and staffs. In this area, the usage of computerized library system is needed because it is easier and obviously it saves paper compare to the manual library based. Other countries such as South America and Middle East. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS library system in doing transactions with their clienteles. Specifically this study pourpost to answer the following questions: 1. How can the system helps the librarian? 2. What are the inputs needed in the system in order for the students/staff/visitors to be able to login/logout when entering and borrowing books? 3. What are the information and data needed to put up a computerized library system of (tes) Taytay Elementary School. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS SCOPE The system is create for the library except for easy way for librarian to make her work easy this is also for their customer to barrow books easy and to return also for data for clearly using it.. Delimitation The other way,this study is limits for the proposed enhancement computerized library system of Taytay Elementary School. System proposed to only one authorized person.

Independence air was a low cost air line

Independence air was a low cost air line that was owned by FLYi, Inc who had their headquarters in Virginia. Independence air operated from the year 1989 and it’s stopped its operations in 2006. Independence air mainly focused on the East Coast and the West coast.The route network of independence air was based in Washington Dulles international airport. Unfortunately the company ceased its operation on January 5th 2006 at 8:24 p.m.The company (independence air) had been in Chapter 11 bankruptcy from 7th 2005 there were some discussion that was taking place, which people thought would have saved Independence air but that did not happen.Explanation of Independence Air business planAtlantic Coast Airlines is the predecessor of Independence air line. The independence air line company started has Atlantic Coast Airlines in 15th December 1989. It (Atlantic Coast Airline) was operating a feeder services as United Express for Delta Connection and United Air lines.United with drew from contract after disagreement with Atlantic Coast. This forced Atlantic company to reinvent itself to a low cost independence air. The main objective of independence airline was to come with an air carrier with bargain base, off beat and a friendly service (Sharkey 2006)The 4 Ps for the independence airliner is: For their Promotion – independence airliner carried out intensive promotion even before it was launched. On 20th May 2004, before they inaugurated their first flight, they signed a three year deal with Washington Redskins; the company was to become the official sponsor of Washington Redskins.This was a marketing strategy for independence. In the summer of the year 2005 independence air line offered College students a Glide Summer travel pass.After paying two hundred and fifty US dollars Customers were to fly free (after paying airport fees and taxes) from May 1st to August 31st on Saturdays, Wednesdays and Tuesday. This was not geared towards getting any revenue, it wa s purely meant to have customers fill in the empty seats.The company also invested on a fleet of twenty promotional vehicles, which they dubbed â€Å"Jet trucks†. They modified pick ups trucks and painted them in airline’s livery and on the trucks bed they attached an aircraft tail.The company also had some humorous touches which it added to flying experience like the company replaced the flight attendant safety announcement   with a version of celebrities such   Mary Matalin and James Carville which had earlier on been pre recorded.On their Pricing, the company opted for a lower price as compared to their competitors, this was mainly meant to attract customers. They finally succeeded in attracting more customers, such that at their peak they were operating 600 flights on a daily basis.Their pricing strategy was one of the factors that some scholars argued that failed, because whenever the price of fuel roused, they didn’t adjust their prices. When it comes to Place, Independence air mainly focused on the East Coast and the West coast. The route network of independence air was based in Washington Dulles international airport.The company had many diverse Products in terms of the type of airplane that they were operating. Independence airline operated the following airplanes CRJ200, Bombardier, British aerospace jet stream 4100 turbo prop and several air buses.   (Williamson 2006 pp 19 -26).Independence air line had many strengths and weaknesses.   Some of its weakness was: the company was faced with a lot of competition from its competitors who were charging a higher price for their ticket as compared to Independence airline examples of some of their competitors were United air line. The second weakness is that the company failed to undertake a more intensive promotion; this made them to loose some of their customers to united airline.Lastly some critics also point out that the management of independent airline was also not effectiv e. Some of its strength were the   company had a lot of capital that they invested,   the company had a sales and marketing team that was creative lastly lowering the prices of their services was also a strength to them because it made them to attract more customers.While carrying out their Environmental and market assessment the company carried extensive studies on some of the companies that they thought will be their competitors.These gave them an idea on how the market is and how they were going to enter into the market. Independence air line believed that it could easily prosper on its own because of the strategy that they were going to use to enter the market. They were confident that by reducing the prices of their services they will be able to attract more customers (French 2004)

Bone loss †A Silent Pain

Bone loss – A Silent Pain This paper will highlight the problem of bone loss. I have tried to gather as much information as I can and have created a paper and a PowerPoint. The teaching strategy used is called strategic learning. This learning is based on strategy and I have presented a PowerPoint that will present my concept in a better way. The goal of my study is to highlight the causes and effects of bone loss which is often neglected. My teaching resource (PowerPoint) and this paper will help in spreading awareness about this issue. Bone loss is quiet condition. It doesn’t’t knock on the front door, it doesn’t forewarn, and it creeps on quietly over the years. Large number of people have no idea that they have suffered from bone lose until one day they trip, fall and fracture a bone. There are many misconceptions about bones. People think of bones to be hard and durable, but studies have shown time and again that bones are living tissues that grow and change throughout our lives sort of like always work in progress. Old bones are constantly removed, and new bones formed. In childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, new bone formation constantly outruns the removal of old bone (Astray, 2017). As we get old, however, that process reverses. Bone lose affects both men and women as they age, but women suffer the health consequences in very high numbers as compared to men. In US, it is estimated by 2020 over half of all Americans could have weak bones due to bone loss. Osteoporosis – The disease resulting from bone loss – causes one and half million fractures every year, including 300,000 hip fractures, 700,000 vertebral fractures, 250,000 wrist fractures, and more than 300,000 fractures of other bones (Juois, 2014). According to the 2009 Canadian community Health Survey, estimates that approximately 1.5 million Canadians aged 40 years and over have osteoporosis. Among these people women were four time more likely to report having osteoporosis than men. Women are at more risk than men because they start with lower bone density and they lose bone mass more quickly as they age. Women reach peak bone mass between the ages of 25 and 30 (Jess, 2011), after that it’s downhill for bones. When women lose the protective effect of estrogen, bone loss often accelerates at menopause. Five to seven years after menopause women may lose up to 20 percent of their bone mass. Evaluation Risk Factors Numerous factors influence women’s risk of bone loss, osteoporosis and fractures. Age : Older you are greater the risk.  · Body size : small, thin-boned women are at greater risk. Genetics : If your grandmother, mother, or sister had osteoporosis, you are at higher risk. Ethnicity : White and Asian women are at higher risk. Personal history : Any bone fracture after age 50 increases your risk of osteoporosis. Smoking : Among many downsides, it also produces adverse effects on bones. Diet : Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D and exercise and consumption of alcohol increases your risk of osteoporosis.  · Slot : A sedentary lifestyle weakens bones (Jess, 2011). Medication use : Long-term use of glucocorticoids and some other medication can promote bone loss. Reduce your risk of developing Osteoporosis  · Physical activity/Exercise : Regular exercise that involve weight-bearing aerobics and resistance training is beneficial to bone development and maintenance. Vitamins and Minerals  · Calcium*: Calcium rich is diet is best for the bone development which include good sources of milk products such cheese and yogurt, fish, products containing bones and calcium beverages such as soy and orange juice. Other food sources include tofu, leafy greens and legumes such as soybeans or chickpeas. It’s very important to find out how much calcium you need per day.  · Vitamin D*: Vitamin D is also very important for bone development because it supports body’s ability to absorb calcium. Vitamin D can be made in the skin following exposure to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight, however, many factors such as winter season, use of sunscreen, darker skin tone, older age and extensive clothing coverage can reduce the amount of vitamin D our skin makes. **In a recent study conducted by department of Orthopaedic surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, china and Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Hebel province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated traditional and western Medicine, Cangzhou, China (Natiel, 2016). In a meta-analysis of 33 randomized clinical trials that included 51145 participants, use of supplements that included calcium and vitamin D, or both was not associated with a significant difference in the risk of hip fractures compared with placebo or no treatment (risk ratio, 1.53, 1.21, and 1.09, respectively.) (Astray, 2017) Meaning: These findings do not support the routine use of these supplements in community-dwelling older adults. Bone loss and Cancer Cancer survivors have greater risk of osteoporosis and fractures. A premenopausal who goes through chemotherapy may experience early menopause. The patient is at risk of bone loss because of the shorter duration of exposure to the bone-preserving effects of estrogens. Treatment for bone loss Drugs like bisphosphonates are good for the treatment for osteoporosis and low bone density (Jess, 2011). Additionally, Fosamax (Alendronate), Acetonel and Boniva work by slowing down the rate at which body breaks down bone.

International Banking and Comercial Payment Essay

International Banking and Comercial Payment - Essay Example Direct export, export through an agent, or export by the establishment of branches and subsidiaries are ways in which firms export. 2 Risks of fraud, political risks, exchange risks and risks associated with recovering payment are but a few of the risks that confront exporters and importers. Thus, it is important to organise judiciously an export operation and to consider carefully international payment terms in an attempt to present smooth operations to minimise risks for exporters. 3 Although exporters may choose from open account, document collection, letter of credit or cash in advance as payment methods to optimise risks while ensuring that they give effect to an export transaction, it makes sense to exercise presale due diligence and to consider all risks carefully, including country specific risks. 4 It is possible for international trade transactions to present great dramas that may lead to disputes requiring expensive and time consuming dispute resolution procedures or expen sive litigation in courts of several countries. 5 The case presented in Appendix A, below, describes an interesting situation involving the unauthorised removal of a bill of lading included with the documents for a document collection export transaction presented by Wyevale Ltd, located in the UK for Asian Traders Inc., as buyers, located in the Philippines. The discussion presented below focuses on an analysis of the facts and the legal issues related to the previously mentioned case of Wyevale Ltd exporting to Asian Traders Inc. An Analysis of Facts of the Question The situation described in the case presented in Appendix A is a typical DA (Documents against Acceptance) collection procedure for export in which the buyer is required to indicate acceptance of bill of exchange prior to the Import Bank releasing title of the goods in the form of bill of lading to the buyer. 6 7 It is important to understand that making, altering, negotiating or transferring a bill of lading with the i ntent to defraud is a criminal offence. 8 However, the managing director of Asian Traders Inc. may have inadvertently left the Import Bank with the bill of lading on his person without realising this, and that he had then proceeded to take an opportunity to sell the goods consigned to his firm to a third party based on possession of the bill of lading. Because the exporter, Wyevale Ltd of the UK will have a record of the correspondence with Asian Traders, and the banks will have their testimony, it is not possible for the managing director of Asian Traders to escape litigation and simply walk away without paying the exporter because he has in his possession a bill of lading. 9 However, the Import Bank employee should have been more careful. In any case, the importer, Asian Traders Inc. has five days in which to effect payment. Because Asian Traders has the bill of lading, and it has sold the goods consigned to a third party, which has paid to Asian Traders Inc., there is no reason w hy Asian Traders should not pay in due course, unless an intention exists to deviate from acting in good faith. Even if a bill of lading has passed on to an importer, this will not mean that the importer is in a position to take physical delivery of goods because the ship on which the goods were consigned may not have arrived in port or released its cargo. 10 Thus, it will

Argue which of the 3 sources best represent how civilian reacted in Essay - 1

Argue which of the 3 sources best represent how civilian reacted in WW2 - Essay Example While the entire Britain suffered loss and devastation, the attacks were also helpful in galvanizing the nation: there emerged a new steady determination in the face of the scary onslaught of Nazi. The Blitz is well written, original and revealing; it is a re-examination of one the vital aspects of the history of the second world war that is highly needed. The second source, The British and the Second World War, is a book written by Arthur Marwick and published in the year 1976. The reason why the book was published is to show how Britain successfully mobilized the civilian for the war. The mobilization of Britain during this period proved to get a breakthrough in winning public opinion’s strong support in maintaining the war. The war can be termed as a people war; it expanded the aspirations of democracy and resulted to a postwar welfare state promises. Much of success in getting people’s support is attributed to the systematic and planned women mobilization, as soldiers, housewives, and workers, put in force by conscription after the month of December in the year 1941. Women gave themselves to support the war effort, making successful the rationing of the consumer goods. Either of the two ways, compulsion and voluntarism, were used for mobilization. However, reliance on voluntarism was successful for the British. The g overnment’s achievement in providing new services such as lunches for hospitals and schools, as well as the people’s war equalitarian spirit, contributed towards extensive support for an expanded welfare state (Marwick 1976). The third source is a book that was authored by Joseph Darracott in the year 1989: World War Two in cartoons. The book also unveils or reveals the response received from the civilian (the public) but in human graphics form, cartoons. It is a cartoon collection on the Second World War; the cartoons have been found in archives, in the entire globe. This

Army Representative Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Army Representative - Personal Statement Example It aims at providing more aspects in the life of a soldier. Boss supports the overall quality of life and this is in regard to a single soldier. It works upon identifying the well- being issues in the life of a soldier and aims at improving the same. In addition to this BOSS provides an ideal platform for single soldiers to do community service and help as many people as possible. The BOSS team consists of three major organs namely, the senior military adviser, MWR advisor and the BOSS soldiers. Let me just briefly give an account of each. The senior military advisor has many important roles of which being a mentor to the BOSS soldiers is one of the most important, another important role of the senior military advisor is to approve and support the BOSS committee. The third most important role of the senior military advisor is to educate and inform NCO license channel (Liaison). The MWR Advisor is responsible for assisting the budget, the person is also supposed to do marketing of BOSS, another important role is to train BOSS committee members and the role also demands guidance on volunteer program. Moving on to the third most important organ of BOSS, the soldiers, there is a president, vice president, Secretary, Treasurer and brigade, all the posts come with various responsibilities and only the best soldiers are chosen for the same. This demonstrates my unde rstanding of BOSS and the expectations of the organization out of the soldiers. My Vision and Experience I consider myself a highly equipped professional and I have an experience of 9 years in performing a variety of administrative and staff support duties for different departments, which require a range of knowledge and skills of organizational procedures and policies; resolving administrative problems and inquiries. Interact well with individuals from diverse cultures and all professional levels. I will make sure that when I put the skills I am equipped with to work I achieve the highest quality standards of work. Let me just throw some light upon my core strengths, I am very comfortable working in Administrative Support, creative work attitude, Business correspondence and these are just a handful areas where I am very comfortable in working. I am aware of the fact that BOSS is also looking at experience and let me just give a brief account of my experience. I have served in the US Army for 9 years and during this period I gained a lot of experience. I worked as a record custodian and I was given many important responsibilities like training sailors and this was because the department where I worked was in joint- operation with the US navy. The post which I occupied demanded the management of dual role responsibility and I was selected to provide daily situation reports of the Battalion staff and trainees. I was also responsible for all the paper work and I was given the responsibility of proper filing of finances and personnel records I have also handled the post of Assistant training NCO; I was required to carry out many responsibilities. Some of them included Developing processing procedures and implementing procedures to staff during student in processing, assisted with the daily operations of the Battalion S-3 section, Assisting with maintaining individual

Contract and employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract and employment - Essay Example There has been no express â€Å"garden leave† clause in her agreement. Clarissa had a very difficult divorce in 2011 and as a result of this her professional life suffered. She became careless and negligent with her work. In a major event which was attended by foreign governments (potential buyers), she left the trigger switch that fires the missiles in the office. Due to this demonstration had to be stopped. Even though this was a serious lapse from Clarissa, she was only given an informal warning and let off. She showed improvements after this. But in the re-scheduled demonstration, she programmed missile to fly for 100km rather than the 1 km that was planned. But the mistake was identified and the calculation revealed that even if the missiles had been fired they would have landed safely on a cow barn in Surrey. But after this negligence, the manager lost confidence in her and she was fired. The consequences of repeated negligence could have critical and more damaging. She was dismissed as per the contract with a six month notice and her employment contract would be terminated on 31st March, 2012. Also fearing the safety her colleagues, she was sent home on â€Å"garden leave†. During this period she was not required to work but would still be paid. She was not happy with this and complained unsuccessfully about â€Å"garden leave†. She was offered a job Flare Missiles on 1st January 2012. But the offer was valid only if she could join on February 2012. The first issue is if she can claim unfair dismissal compensation. In order to claim unfair dismissal compensation, an employee must have been employed at least for a year (i.e. 52 weeks)1. Clarissa fulfils this and hence she will be able to claim for unfair dismissal compensation. First there must be a fair reason for the employer to dismiss the employee. If the employer claims that the dismissal was on the grounds of a fair reason, then it’s his

Book Report on Johnnie Cochran's book A Lawyer's Life Essay

Book Report on Johnnie Cochran's book A Lawyer's Life - Essay Example In order to better understand not only this particular piece of literature but as well the author, Johnnie Cochran himself, we must thoroughly address and discuss the most major and significant areas within this book, and as well any and all key related factors and issues that are involved here. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Cochran approaches a number of different issues in this book, and he tries to explain each one as thoroughly as he possibly can. The literature drifts from one legal matter to the next, really showcasing off his history of work, and one of the most major issues that he tries to bring to attention within it is the reasoning as to why so many African-Americans have a jaded view of the legal system overall. In the beginning of the book Cochran speaks about how he actually began in the business and how he considered himself as having derived "from conceptions of the lawyer embodied by both Dershowitz and Kunstler, leading to an awkward notion of the lawyer's vocation in which contradictory ideals are willfully joined and then corrupted for the sake of convenience (65). Cochran makes numerous different memorable and significant quotes throughout his book, including where he stated that "If one man cannot get a fair trial, no matter how hideous his crime or evil the man, none of us can be certain of getting a fair trial." (72). Another issue that Another issue that Cochran makes significant note of in this literature is in regards to Kunstler's romantic model of the activist lawyer, and he uses this to somewhat reference the strong identifications that he feels he shares with his clients. As he also states in the book, "I looked down and saw that my hands were shaking, not with apprehension but with the power of revelationBeing a lawyer means not only sharing the pain of other people's suffering but also accepting the burden of their trust. In the final moment, being a lawyer isn't about winning or losing. It's about keeping faith." (101). Cochran calculates quite exactly throughout the book, making references to at least parts of most of his cases as well as cases including other credible and notable lawyers, such as Kunstler, and he appeals incredibly to the Kunstler model in order to lay claim to being an African American leader. There is also a certain reliance that is shown by Cochran, particularly on that of the issue of political activism, especially when he feels that he should have evoked the legal process. One of the most significant issues that are discussed however is that of racism and about how his background has helped - and as well in ways negate - cases and other issues that took place during his career. As he states, "There's something in your background, in your character, that helps you understand that this is wrong. Maybe you are the right people, at the right time, at the right place, to say, 'No more, we are not going to have this. This is wrong'." (125). From this review we can conclude many different things, several which are of particular importance, and that includes the matter of racism and how Cochran feels that it is an issue within the judicial system. We truly get to grasp at least a remote idea of Cochran's background and history as a lawyer but more so we get to understand how he feels about being a lawyer and who the figures are in his life that have influenced him along the way. Although there are certainly parts throughout

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball Essay - 4

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball - Essay Example In this sense, the writer employed the use of strategies in order to communicate and deliver his arguments and views. Where as he acknowledges that every ones opinion matters in this assessment, he also asserts that there are some inherent things with men’s basketball that makes it much cherished compared to that of the women (Kramer). He considers the airtime that the two are given and explains that men are given more than women and the situation makes it possible for men to dominate the game than women. On the other hand, the author also posits that in women basketball, there is no overall excitement as compared to that of men. These among other thing like the predictability of the women game makes it too boring to attend to and watch. In order to drive his point home, the author has used rhetorical tools to channel the same, for example. The writer thus has employed the use of ethos (ethical persuasion) to deliver his point home. For instance, when he says it is considered unethical for women to celebrate victory with a finger raised towards the opponents as it happens in the men’s case (Kramer). This is aimed at making the readers understand how the women’s game is bereft of jubilation thus explaining its unpopularity. The writer has also used logos to persuade the writer about his position. When he says that women games are not accorded much airtime in the media compared to men, it really gives the sense of appreciation why one of the gender games is better than the other. With reference to the second writer, he explains his point by using logos. In this sense, he logically convinces the readers that men’s basketball is better that women’s because of the period in which it has been existing. He says the given that basket ball was formerly meant to be men’s game, it has affected and shifted attention to their game than that

Strategic Management and Business Policy(tenth edition) by Thomas L Essay

Strategic Management and Business Policy(tenth edition) by Thomas L. Wheelen and J. David Hunger (senior in college) MGT485 - Essay Example The Wallace Group is devoid of the vision for the future and is proving not to be a learning organization. According to Wheelen & Hunger, â€Å"organizational learning is a critical component of competitiveness in a dynamic environment† (2006, p. 9). The Wallace Group lacks a vibrant human resource management apparatus that can articulate the changes necessitated to accommodate the growth needs and prospects, efficiently. In order to exploit the opportunities offered by the existing scenario in the best possible manner and to manage the challenges proficiently, there are a number of recommendations. First of all the Wallace Group is required to re-orientate its approach to handle the growing needs of the organization. This re-orientation will involve a major adjustment in the personal management style of Mr. Wallace, his priorities, vision, and future objectives for growth of the company. Mr. Wallace will need to make changes in the organizational structure of the Group to create a conducive environment for a motivated and diversified workforce. To cater for the rapid decision making requirements, middle managers of the company are necessitated to be empowered. Mr. Wallace is hence required to delegate more of his authority. The major organizational changes would involve formulation of a corporate governance policy that will include a board of directors. The board will be responsible for devising str ategies, direction, vision, hire/fire top management, monitor and supervise top management, oversee the use of resources, and care for shareholders’ interests (Wheelen & Hunger, 2006, pp. 36-37). Another important recommendation is to open a reliable and smooth channel of communication. This will ensure feedback of employees and customers reaching the top management without much hitches. In educating the managers to manage an organization as it evolves over time from an entrepreneurial

Lease Versus Purchase Option Essay Example for Free

Lease Versus Purchase Option Essay In this essay I will try to explain or compare and contrast lease versus purchase option. In this explanation I will talk about what is deb financing, and will provide two examples. I will also talk about what is equity financing and provide two examples and last which alternative capital structure is more advantageous and why. In order to give two examples of what is debt financing I will give a brief description of what is debt financing. Debt financing is when a company borrows money that must be repaid but with interest. This does not dilute the ownership of the company. With that being said the two examples are Issue Bonds and Line of Credit. In the line of credit, this is a bank loan where a business can draw out funds whenever money is needed. In issue bonds the business can issue bonds as for of debt financing these bonds are marketable securities. (ehow.com 2013) Now equity financing is according to ychange.com (in equity financing, money is exchanged for a share of ownership in the business). The business in returns raises funds and does not incur in debt. The two types of equity financial is employee stock ownership and private investors. The employee stock is when a company sells stock to the employee. The private investors are possible investor willing to invest their money in the company. Which alternative capital structure is more advantageous? In my opinion and according to the definitions on my e-book I would have to say energetic-middle the reason for this would be because it is more advantageous for small business. It balances the return and risk of capital. After looking at all the definitions and examples, trying to compare and contrast lease vs. buying is not that difficult. This all depends on what do you want and if it is in a companies perspective then one must take into consideration the companies cash flow. For example if a company has lots of cash flow then buying is the option now if it wants to conserve capital for the near term then leasing is the best option. It all depends on what the company need at that particular time.

Montessori Senstive Periods Essay Example for Free

Montessori Senstive Periods Essay Define the term sensitive periods, and explain how the teachers knowledge and understanding of these periods determines his / her preparation and custodianship of the prepared environment A thorough understanding and knowledge of the sensitive periods (Montessori, 1972) that a child passes through is crucial in aiding the teacher to provide a suitable environment to assist a childs optimum development as the environment that the child is in plays a crucial role to their formation according to Montessori. A sensitive period refers to a special sensibility which a creature acquires in its infantile state (Montessori, 1966, page 38). Such sensitive periods were first discovered in insects by the Dutch scientist Hugo de Vries. Montessori stated that sensitive periods can also be found in children and are very important for a teacher to consider to aid optimum development through providing the correct type of environment. Therefore to fully understand the sensitive periods, an understanding of Montessoris periods of growth (Montessori, 2007) that she devised from birth to maturity is needed. These outlined the progress of a childs mental development, which correspond with phases of physical growth. Montessoris periods of growth consist of phase one; birth to six years, phase two; six to twelve years, phase three; twelve to eighteen years and phase four; eighteen to twenty-four years. Within each stage the child has different characteristics and needs, therefore requiring an alternative suitable environment for optimum development to occur, as each stage lays the foundations for the child to continue to develop within the next stage, with the first stage being fundamental (www. casadimir. org). Stage one is split into two sub-phases, comprising of birth to age three and three to age six. During this first stage the child has an absorbent mind (Montessori, 2007). The unconscious absorbent mind from birth to three years old, which is described as a mind that is constantly absorbing impressions from the environment; and yet does this without knowing that it is doing so, and without willing it (Standing, 1998, page 109). The conscious absorbent mind from three to six years continues to build on the faculties that developed during the phase of the unconscious mind. However, instead of soaking in the environment unconsciously it is the childs own ego which guides and directs him (Standing, 1998, age 112). This stage is critical for the foundations of an all round well developed child both mentally and physically. Stage two, from six to twelve years, is a stable periodwith noticeable physical and mental changes. The absorbent mind is replaced with reasoning and logical thinking; the child continues to develop and build upon his development from stage one. Stage three, twelv e to eighteen years, is split into two sub-phases comprising of twelve to fifteen years, the stage of puberty and fifteen to eighteen years, the stage of adolescence. This period is a very unstable and an emotional time for the child. Stage four, eighteen to twenty four years, the beginnings of adulthood; this time is usually very stable. Montessori identified six main sensitive periods, consisting of a period of sensitivity to order, to language, for refinement of the senses, for walking and movement, for small objects and to the social aspects of life, all of which are present during the first stage of growth; the absorbent mind. Theses sensitive periods are not consecutive; some are continuous and some overlap, which will now be looked at in greater depth. The period of sensitivity to order is one of the first sensitive periods to been seen in the development of a child and usually appears within the childs first month. Throughout this sensitive period the child requires a precise, ordered environment, which can be observed by the joy which children show at seeing things in their correct places (Montessori, 1972). The presence of this sensitive period however, is even more evident when the order is somehow interfered with. For example, in the Secret of Childhood (1972), Montessori describes the agitation of a 6 month old child when a parasol was placed upon the table by a woman entering the room; the child immediately began to cry. The woman automatically presumed that the child wished to play with the parasol, this brought on further frustration causing the little girl to push the parasol away when it was given to her. Her mother suddenly realised and when the parasol was removed from the room it was only then that the child became calm again. In Montessoris words the object out of place had violently upset the little girls pattern of memory as to how objects should be arranged (Montessori, 1972, page 50), thus causing the child distress demonstrating the need for a precise environment. Another example illustrated by Montessori in the Secret of Childhood (1972), was when she was on a guided tour through the tunnel of the Grottoof Nero in Naples, when a mother carrying a little boy took her coat off and threw it over her arm while she continued to carry the child. The child once again became agitated and continuously cried. Various approaches were used to try and sooth the child, all of which were unsuccessful, until Montessorisuggested that the mother should put her coat on. Following this action the childs tears disappeared and he continuously said Coat shoulder (Montessori, 1972, page 51), the child once again smiled as he felt that his mother had eventually understood him. With these examples and the knowledge of the childs sensitivity to order it demonstrates the need for the teacher to ensure a well ordered environment that is predictable to the child, while allowing sufficient freedom and time for the child to explore ontheir own. The period of sensitivity for language occurs between birth and approximately five years old. During this time the child masters basic sentence patterns in their nativelanguage and goes on to develop more complex sentences during the next stage of growth. From the moment the child is born, without lessons and without conscious effort he learns to pronounce the language he hears around him with perfection (Standing, 1998, page 121), simply by listening to the language;words spoken slowly and clearly. The child listens voluntarily then goes on to utter sounds, experiencing vibrations and developing his vocal muscles. Montessori (1972) stated that the childs sensitive period for language tends to pass unnoticed, as the environment he is in, surrounded by adults speech provides the necessary requirements for his development. This sensitive period is only acknowledged when the child demonstrates their joy through smiles and bodily movements, when tuned into the sounds of language. The period of sensitivity for the refinement of the senses, begins approximately when a child begins to crawl and can truly manipulate and experience his environment, this continues generally until the age of eight. Through guided teaching using the correct material in an appropriate environment and practice, the childs senses can be refined so that the child can distinguish between minimaldifferences. Using the colour box to distinguish between gradients of colours or grading the sound cylinders is a good example of this. The period of sensitivity for walking and movement, occurs approximately at the age of one when the child first begins to walk. Although they walk slowly and with no real rhythmic step or goal, the child can walk for long periods of time covering great distances, showing thorough enjoyment during their travels (Lillard, 1972). This allows time for a child to explore the outside world with the freedom of a suitable large space, improving his physical coordination and fulfilling his desire to absorb his surroundings. The period of sensitivity for small objects becomes apparent when the child becomes mobile at around the age of one and has a larger, open environment to explore. The child is drawn towards small objects such as pebbles and tiny insects. This is demonstrated through an example from Montessori (1972) in the Secret of Childhood, when a fifteen month old child sitting on the paving outside suddenly burst into laughter. The adult saw nothing until a small insect was pointed out by the by the child; it is as though the child looks for items that are invisible to adults. The period of sensitivity for social aspects of life occurs at around three years of age when the child begins to realise that they are partof a group. The childs social interest is exhibited first as an observing activity, and later develops into a desire for more active contact with others (Lillard, 1972, page 36). Therefore, with providing an environment where a child is free to observe, experiment and explore amongst their peers without intervention, apart from when antisocial behaviour is presented, a child naturally forms correct social behaviour and a willingness to help others. The teacher needs a concrete understanding of the sensitive periods to be able to provide a suitable environment for a child to develop. A prepared suitable environment for example includes, clearly ordered, organised and readily available materials, child-sized furniture, low shelves and real life objects. Along with the freedom to explore and move around freely, these aspects all take the needs of the child into consideration, although observation of the childs abilities and interests by the teacher is equally as important for the teacher to make required adjustments to suit the childs needs at certain points in their development and particular sensitivities. It is important to support the requirements of the sensitive periods as once this period passes the child will no longer achieve his optimum development with this aspect of his inner self with ease. Also if a sensitive period is neglected it may hinder the development with other aspects of the childs development. In Montessoris words, If he passes through a period sensitive to order, the disorder he perceives can be an obstacle to his development and a cause of abnormalities (Montessori, 1972, page 49). Therefore a thorough understanding of a childs periods of growth and sensitive periods as well as exceptional observational skills is essential for a teacher to establish a desired environment to provide the opportunities for the sensitive periods to flourish. Bibliography Lillard, P (1972), Montessori A Modern Approach, Schocken books, New York Montessori, M (1972) The Secret of Childhood, Ballentine, New York Montessori, M (2007) The Absorbent Mind, Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company, Amsterdam Standing, E. M (1998) Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work, First Plume Printing, America www. casadimir. org Casa di Mir Montessori School (undated). Montessori Philosophy http://www. casadimir. org/montessoriphilosophy. htm

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ntms Economics Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ntms Economics Essay What are non-tariff measures (NTMs)? As the term implies, any policy measures other than tariffs can be included in NTMs that can impact trade flows. At a broad level, NTMs can suitably be separated into three categories. A first category of NTMs are those imposed on imports. This category includes import quotas, import prohibitions, import licensing, and customs procedures and administration fees. A second category of NTMs are those imposed on exports. These include export taxes, export subsidies, export quotas, export prohibitions, and voluntary export restraints. These first two categories encompass NTMs that are applied at the border, either to imports or to exports. A third and final category of NTMs are those imposed internally in the domestic economy. Such behind-the-border measures include domestic legislation covering health/ technical/ product/ labor/ environmental standards, internal taxes or charges, and domestic subsidies. Types of Non-Tariff Barriers The non-tariff measure include of some constraint to trade. Here are some examples of the popular NTMs Licenses A document which is issued by a national government allowing the importation of certain goods into its area is called an import license. Import licenses are believed to be non-tariff barriers to trade when it is used to distinguish in opposition to any other goods of another country so as to guard a local industry from foreign competition. The volume of import allowed is specified in each license, and the total volume allowed should not go above the quota. Importing companies can buy the licenses at a competitive price,  or simply a fee. However, it is said that this distribution method endow with encouragement for political lobbying and  corruption. certain restrictions can be imposed on imported goods as well as the amt of imported goods. Quotas A quota is a quantity restriction used in international trade, usually on imports, but it could also be on exports, focusing on licensing of the foreign trade that is nearly related to quantitative restrictions. This category includes global quotas-a system that protects domestic industries by being restrictive on the cost of international trade- and seasonal quotas. Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions are done through one time license. Quantitative restriction on exports and imports is a direct administrative type of government regulation of foreign trade. Quotas and licenses restrict the independence of enterprises in respect of entering the foreign markets, narrowing the range of countries, and also minimize the range of countries for transaction in case of certain commodities. However, it turns out to be that the system of quota and licensing exports and imports whilst establishing firm control over foreign trade in some particular goods, happen to be more supple and of use than economic instruments of international trade regulation. This is defined by the fact, that licensing and quota systems are a key instrument of trade regulation which is an important part of the world. The result of this trade barrier is seen in the loss of consumer due to an increase in prices and limited selection of goods. An import quota controls the volume of many commodities that can be imported in a country during a specific period of time. An export restricts a certain amount of goods that can leave the country. The reason for imposing of export quota by country is due to the control of goods that is fundamental to the country and the manipulative price found on international level. Embargo   The incomplete or  entire exclusion of commerce and trade with a particular  country, in order to isolate it is called embargo.   A strong political measure imposed in an effort, by the  imposing country, to remove a given national-interest result from the country on which it is imposed is considered as embargoes. It is same as  economic sanctions and is often taken as legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with obstructions, which are usually taken to be acts of war. The same principle is used for most trade barriers: the obligation of some kind of cost on trade that increases the price of the traded  goods. If many nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a  trade war results Subsidy   A subsidy is a type of financial support paid to  a business or  economic sector. The  government makes most subsidies to  producers or distributors in an industry to stop the decline of that business or a boost in the prices of its goods or plainly to persuade  it to employ more labor. Some examples of subsidies to  encourage the sale of exports; subsidies on some foods to keep  down the cost of living, especially in cities; and  subsidies to support the expansion of farm production and achieve self-reliance  in food production Import deposits Import deposits is a type of deposit required importers to put a certain of money in an account for a significant period of time whose purpose is to guarantee that import duties will be paid, or the deposit may simply be a non-tariff barrier intended to discourage imports. Why NTMs The drastic rise in the use of non-tariff barriers stemmed largely from the WTO new rules about reduction in tariff use, which formed part of the WTOs mission to ensure free trade across the globe. While the WTO rules do allow for the use of NTBs in some circumstances, the specifications about when they can be used are very strict such that they can only be employed for purposes such as to guarantee health, safety or sanitation, or to safeguard non-renewable natural resources. Should NTMs be used for other purposes, they are deemed to be ways of evading free trade rules. Apart from the WTO, such rules, which are set to curb the use of tariffs as they are threats to free trade, are also laid out by institutions like the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Another reason for the transition from tariffs to NTMs is that many countries, especially developed ones, do not have to rely on tariffs as a source of funding anymore, like they did in their early stages of development. They can afford to switch to other trade barriers that do not involve tariffs, but that still provide them with a means to regulate international trade. Moreover, NTBs allow these countries to help weak industries or provide compensation to those industries that have been adversely impacted by the WTO laws on reduction of tariffs. Also, it is a logical way for countries to respond to the reduction of tariffs since it has been declared that tariffs are no more to be used, NTBs offer traders an alternate method of influencing the market. Thus, NTBs can be quite similar to tariffs, apart for a few exceptions. After the laws of tariff reduction were enacted during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), those who persisted in believing in the concept of protectionism have turned to NTBs. In fact, most of the NTMs can be defined as protectionist measures. In short, NTBs can be thought of as a new means of protection which has replaced tariffs as the old method of protection. Advantages and Disadvantages of NTMs Advantages Since the main purpose of NTMs is protectionism, the advantages of NTMs will also mainly be those of protectionism. Non-tariff barriers help protect the development of new industries against foreign rivals. If foreign industries compete with domestic industries that are not developed enough or large enough yet to take advantage of economies of scale, then NTBs, such as import quotas, can protect the infant industry from too much competition through its maturing stages until it can compete on its own. Similarly, NTMs also offer protection to certain economies against foreign countries that are interested to trade with them only because they know that the domestic economies will not be able to face competition from them and will eventually collapse, leaving them a monopoly of the domestic market. An example of such unfair trading is dumping. The barriers to trade protect the domestic economies from such countries with an unfair relative advantage. It is believed that the use of NTBs can result in increased domestic employment. Since foreign firms create jobs abroad, NTBs such as import quotas, reduce imports, make domestic production rise instead, and thus create domestic employment. Also, reducing imports from countries with cheaper labour levels the competition compared to the higher wages being paid for local production. NTBs, moreover, by cutting down imports, help countries boost those local industries that are concerned with the national security and also those industries which help give the country economic independence. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of NTMs is that they hinder free trade and the benefits that accompany the latter. The protectionist aspect of NTBs discourages competition from bigger industries and also from foreign countries. While this might help domestic firms and industries to grow at first, in the long run, it in fact dampens future growth. This is because, due to the lack of competition, domestic firms can then afford to provide a narrow choice of goods to customers, to lower the goods quality, and to raise their prices. Because of this inefficient production, there is also no more incentive for the firms to strive for constant innovation and excellence. Thus, ultimately, NTBs do not help in the future growth of firms. There is another way in which NTMs drive up the prices of goods in the domestic economy. By restricting access to foreign countries where goods could be made more cheaply, more resources have to be employed domestically itself to make the same goods at a higher price. Also, while free trade allows countries to benefit from the concept of comparative advantage, the use NTMs prevents countries from enjoying these benefits. If countries specialise only in the production of goods in which they have a competitive advantage, this allows each country to produce at the minimum prices. This efficiency in production benefits all parties to the trade. However, NTMs, by restricting trade, do not help in achieving that goal. The use of NTBs can also result in trade wars. By raising trade barriers against a foreign country, the latter can decide to do the same in retaliation. The imports and exports of both countries are thus restricted, and this greatly reduces the markets open to them, lowering their scope for growth and efficiency. If many countries across the world engage in these trade wars, global trade and economic activity will suffer drastically. These retaliations can also quickly spread beyond the source of conflict and affect the countries other economy policies as a way to retaliate. It can be seen that all participants can take advantage of free trade through efficiency of the market, for instance, increased choice and reduced prices. However, non-tariff measures also have their uses and are necessary in certain conditions. There must be a balance between the quest for efficiencies and the use of barriers to trade. EFFECTS OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES (NTMS) Effects on trade It is generally assumed that NTMs have negative effect on trade, even if it has been elusive for quantitative assessment. Sometimes, these policy measures are referred to as barriers, when the emphasis is made on the difficulties an exporter may have to comply with them. In fact, NTMs can hinder exports for countries or companies when they are not able to pay the cost of adapting their product or production process to the norm of a trade partner. Then, another less competitive exporter may be able to take on a restrictive market if it complies with that regulation. NTMs would be trade distorting in this case. However, NTMs may also facilitate trade when they reduce asymmetries in information between consumers and producers, for example about the quality or safety of the product. The effort of complying with NTMS could also help countries to upgrade capacities, (or mitigating institutional deficiencies for monitoring and enforcing regulations, in words of van Tongeren, Begin, Marette, 2009) in which case the ultimate development impact is positive for the exporting country. On the importing countrys side, NTMs could reduce negative externalities, for example in the case of environmental threat or food safety. Effects on Price A quota is defined as an upper limit on the number of units of a commodity that can be imported into a country. When such a restriction is imposed, domestic consumers are prevented from buying an imported good, the supply of which is no longer perfectly elastic as it would have been in a free trade situation resulting in a rise in the price of the product. This can be better explained using a demand and supply diagram as follows: In a situation where there is free trade and no barriers to trade are imposed then at the world price of wp domestic producers will supply Q1 and Q1-Q2 will be imported, i.e, equilibrium quantity will be at Q1. The supply curve to the domestic market will be denoted by the curve ABws. The effect of imposing a quota will be to limit the amount of imported goods. Let us suppose that the quota cut imports from Q1-Q2 to Q1-Q3. A new supply curve can now be drawn incorporating the amount of the quota (Q1-Q3). The world price wp no longer acts as the supply curve but instead the latter is represented by the curve ABCSS. we can nothe that the new equilibrium will be at E and the new equilibrium price will be at pq. It is clear that price has risen from the implementation of quota. This is explained by the fact that the supply of the commodity is now restricted causing a slight increase in the price of the commodity. The extent of the increase will depend on the quota imposed. The lower the quota, the higher will be the price. A simple example can be taken to explain the above theory. Suppose you have milk imported freely into a country and account for 50% of the domestic demand. If government imposes a quota on the amount that can be imported, the supply of milk will fall giving rise to a shortage. This shortage will exert pressure on price which will finally rise to eliminate that shortage and restore the equilibrium. Effects on society Another measure is embargo. This is a complete ban on imported product. Such a measure can be imposed to protect the society as whole. For example, a country may ban or severely curtail the importation of things such as harmful drugs, pornographic literature and live animals. Had embargoes not imposed on such products, society would suffer enormous damage as they have high level of negative externalities Effects on multinational Import quotas generally have a negative impact on multinational companies. These enterprises such as Nike and General Motors are intensively engaged in international trade as domestic consumption only cannot meet their high targets. When a quota is imposed on their goods by a major buyer, MNCs must find other markets to supply their products, otherwise they will have to cut production and profits figure will suffer. Effects on employment However, import quotas affect positively domestic employment. The fall in imports will divert demand to local suppliers and the latter will have to increase production to cover the gap which foreign products used to occupy. This applies to domestic supplies that have the capabilities and were unable to compete internationally. In order to boost production, they will have to recruit more people. This will have a multiplier effect in the economy giving rise a lower unemployment rate and higher economic growth. How globalisation is affecting NTMs? Globalisation is a process by which countries are linked altogether in a peaceful manner as view to only one planet. In technical terms, it is described as being a process by which national and regional economies, societies and cultures have all been united via global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation. Hence a worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade and communications integration. Recently, globalization expanded its field to other activities such as social areas. At present, globalization also considers culture, media, technology, socio-cultural, political and biological factors. The evolving nature of NTMS has gained an important place in international trade today. More recently, it has been considered in the annual World Trade Report of 2012. Most trade agreements clearly speaks of tariff reductions whereby leaving less than halfway entrance for NTMs. It has nonetheless the capacity to reduce the effectiveness of tariff reductions upon agreement. NTMs have ever since in its introductory mode been driven by multiple policy motives and are still subject to change. These policies in themselves have evolved through the years as countries forged agreements and became interdependent through globalization. NTMs has become a necessity not only to protect domestic industries but to the globalized world as a whole. Globalisation raised changes in countries among which are increased social awareness, growing concerns regarding health, safety and environmental quality which led to increase in NTMs. For the better understanding of the impact of globalization on NTMs, trade in goods and services were considered. Examples of regulatory measures are Technical Barriers to Trade and Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary measures in goods and regulations in services which have recently cropped up. These measures do not have a direct influence on trade but have a strong influence on trade agreements and amount of trade between countries. Some say that NTMs have been encouraged via globalization for a viable peace. Public policy can thus enhance trade flows in a positive or even negative way. Trade in services has evolved in recent years and is no longer similar to traditional trade. New policies came into fo rce to handle these new trends. Globalisation relates to WTO. Trade in services has the relatively same importance as trade in goods for good networks between countries. The WTO knows they hold the same weight in international production affairs and hence measures to restrict trade and competition in the services market that could affect more than the sector directly concerned. Examples where cases are most suited are infrastructural services, spill-over effects on other services and goods. Unlike in the past when NTMS role were solely to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, nowadays NTMs are more to do with public policy objectives. These policies not only consider protectionism but also take precaution measures. In the sector of health and environmental services, NTMS were recently boosted in numbers. NTMS were found not to be an easy task to be observed and quantified, however with globalization, WTO observes that NTMS are meant to have a long stay with their several arrangements between countries which adds to the main agreements. The emerging in change of NTMs with time is not protected against negative effects. NTMs may in other words reduce benefits gained from the main agreement, for example negate some tariff reductions. Moreover, non-tariffs measures have a long list of measures which are also difficult to quantify and also sometimes are invisible in the agreements. In addition to that, those measures are not regular to all countries that it is served and to that, their effect sometimes bring distortions in agreements between sectors and countries. Globalisation is known to have brought changes or complete change in more than one country structure and future. It has greatly changed policies of countries and to that NTMs continue to be evaluated and are still expanding. Quoting from the WTO Director General: Regulatory interventions addressing market failures and international spillovers, with inevitable consequences for trade flows and investments are here to stay. The foremost thought, hence, of NTMs is that it will not have a decreasing or reducing effect on the tariffs agreements between countries. As deducted from above, globalization does not only bring positive results onto a country trade flow. As globalization strengthens alliances amongst nations, NTMs continue to be on the rise in their arrangements. NTMs may also be used as a tool to restrict trade flows in the case of where some countries might be oligopolies of certain commodities on the global market. Technical Barriers to Trade and Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary measures is said to be the source of last resort for some developing countries since it impacts the worst results on them. The reason is that these countries may be differently structured and may not be able to meet those criteria mentioned in the measures. Though, globalization intensify the relationship between countries does bring both good and bad results, harmonious plans between countries may help to reduce the negatives effects. Globalisation has neared most of countries and consequently has brought help where such measures were not easily identified. In simple terms, it has allowed experiences to be shared in recognition and quantitation. In the light of the above, globalization not only brought amendments in NTMs but also has greatly influenced its use in countries. NTMs Measurement Measuring non-tariff barriers remained one of the confusing answered questions for a long time enough. This is mainly because of their inconsistency in countries where they are applied. As these by themselves cannot be measured, their affiliations are quantified to give a result as the measurement of NTMs as a whole. Typologies of the affiliations are: frequency measures, price-change measures, quantity measures, rates of assistance, and indices deflators. A brief discussion of these measures is now to be listed and considered below. Frequency measures Laird Yeats (1990) exposed two frequency measures, namely, frequency ratio and import coverage ratio. Both of them are based on calculation of ratio of commodity lines subject to at least one NTM in total number of lines for the respective group of trade flows. The frequency ratio can be calculated by formula: where Ni is category i of commodity in trade group; Di is dummy variable, Nt is general number of categories in trade group, i.e. i = 1,,T . Dummy variable is used as indicator of NTM: where Di = 1, in good in category i is subject to at least one NTM; otherwise Di = 0. In import coverage ratio, value of imports of commodities subject to at least one NTM is used as a weight instead, unlike the frequency ratio. That way, time factor is considered and it also helps to evaluate the importance of the NTM for the whole trade. B. Price-change measures NTMs often influence price and cause change. Under this section, a measurement on evaluation of changes in price due to the introduction of NTMs is considered. Unlike other measures, it allows direct comparison between impact of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. Price-change measures are commonly used in international trade theory and a formula was derived; influence of trade restrictions in terms of price and quantity changes. Deardorff Stern (1997) used the most known type of price-change measures which is tariff equivalent. In other words, it is calculated as growth in commodity price before and after use of NTMs. Despite all its positive characteristics, price change as a sole indicator for NTMs of a country is not sufficient. Moreover, the impact of NTMs on change on price is difficult to be taken out of any factors affecting prices. C. Rates of assistance Rates of assistance can be broken down into two types; nominal and effective rate of assistance. Nominal rate of assistance is founded on calculation of a rise in the gross returns from production resulting from protective measures. The effective rate of assistance is the most commonly used and can be calculated as follows; ; where VAN is value added in case when the NTM are applied, and VAB is value added under free trade. These measures fit theories perfectly, nonetheless have drawbacks as it requires mass information that is not always available. The effective rate of assistance is faced with another problem which is to differentiate between the different NTMs in its calculation. D. Indices deflators Anderson and Neary were the first ones who brought the application of trade barriers to both tariffs and non-tariffs measures. They constructed two indices; mercantilist trade restrictiveness index and trade restrictiveness index. These are defined as deflators and when applied to undistorted prices are to produce the same trade volume (mercantilist index) or same real income (for trade restrictiveness index) as the initial set of trade distortions (Anderson Neary, 1996; Anderson Neary, 1999). Application of this method, however, yields problem of collection of necessary prices and differentiation of the impact of NTM from other changes. To summarize all measures are good enough for measurement of general NTMs level in a country. However, criteria, benefits and drawbacks of the different methods must be cared when choosing for specific countries. Conclusion GATT takes on a particular and modest approach to handling NTMs. That approach developed over time, and with the formation of the WTO, the handling of NTMs evolved further still.   Tariffs for goods production were decreased during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). After reducing of tariffs, the principle of  protectionism  demanded the introduction of new NTMs such as technical barriers to trade (TBT). Increasing consumer demand for secure and environment friendly products also have had their impact on increasing popularity of TBT. Many NTMs are administered by WTO agreements, which originated in the Uruguay Round, as well as GATT articles. NTMs in the field of services have become as significant as in the field of usual trade. The requirement to protect sensitive to import industries, as well as a wide range of trade restrictions, available to the governments of industrialized countries, forcing them to resort to use the NTM, and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth. Thus, NTMs can be referred as a new of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection.

Depression Essay -- essays research papers fc

DEPRESSION IN WOMAN Depression is the most common mood disorder; it is more than just temporary feelings of sadness. Then how come women are more prone to depression than men? Depression affects women emotionally, physically, and mentally in every aspect of their lives. Clinical depression does not only just cause suffering to individuals who are depressed, but it brings problems for their families and friends who seldom do not know how to help them. Experts say depression is a disorder that is colour blind and affects women in spite of race, ethnic backgrounds, or socio-economic standing. Women are said to be two to three times more prone than men to suffer from depression. Why is this the case? Is it because of the stress caused by society’s expectations of women? The following essay will provide a brief overview explaining why women are more prone to depression than men. There are emotional risk factors that make women especially are vulnerable from. Women who are unhappily married, divorced, or separated, have higher risks. They tend to undergo more stress, anger, frustration, and cause problems among her family. Nobody is predetermined to develop a mood disorder. Nevertheless, women who tend to be under more stress than normal and often have to handle a variety of conflicting roles in society may be susceptible to depression. Women who are biologically vulnerable to depression are more likely to develop the disease when they’re under chronic stress. Depression can cause mothers to be inconsistent with the way they care for their children. They may be loving one minute and withdrawn the next. They may not respond at all to their children’s behaviour or they may respond in a negative way. Babies who do not develop a secure attachment may have trouble interacting with their mother (they may not want to be with their mother, or may be upset when with them), causing them to develop skills later than other babies. Toddlers and preschoolers whose mothers are depressed may be less independent, less likely to interact with other people, have more trouble accepting discipline, be more aggressive and destructive or not do as well in school. School-age children may have behavioural problems, have learning difficulties, have a higher risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and not do as well in school. Adolescents whose mothers suffer from depression... ...dhood Depressive Symptoms, Physical Activity and Health Related Fitness.† Journal of Sports & Exercise Psychology. 34. 5 (2003): 419-421 Wolfgang, Linden. â€Å"Depression, Social Isolation, and Certain Life Events are Associated with the Development of Coronary Heart Disease.† ACP Journal Club. 52. 6 (2004): 81-85 Newspaper/Magazines: Carey, Elaine. â€Å"Therapy Works Like Drugs on Brain† Toronto Star. 9 Jan. 2004:E 45- 46 Ross, Marvin. â€Å"Can Faith Help the Aged?† Toronto Star 22 Jan. 2005: A8-9 Spencer, Maggie. â€Å"Depressed Children Show Altered Stress Response† Archives of General Psychiatry 16 Dec. 2003: 25-26 Electronic Resources: Autonuccio, David. Rumble in Reno: The Psychosocial Perspective Depression. 13 Feb. 2005. 1 Aug. 2000 Beardslee, William R. The Prevention of Depression in Youth. 29 Jan. 1995. 20 Jan. 2005 Canadian Health. James, Carol. Risk Factors For Depression in Canadian’s. 29 Feb. 1984. 9 Feb. 2005 James Nazroo Y. Exploring Gender Difference in Depression. 2 Mar. 2001. 2 Feb. 2005 Kenneth, Rogers. What is a depressive Disorder? 2 Mar. 2001. 12 Jan. 2005 Robinson, Robert. Canadian National Institute of Mental Health. 10 Sept. 2002. 4 Feb. 2005.

Internet Penetration :: Computer Science

Internet Penetration Identify the different levels of household penetration by the World Wide Web in each of the following continents – Asia , Africa , North America , South America and Australia . Explore the reasons for this variation. The countries with the highest internet penetration are predominately those Western economies with strong economies and high levels of affluence. Out of the top 10 countries, European countries feature 6 times, with Sweden having the highest penetration at 73.6% of the population have the internet. Other high ranking countries include Hong Kong (70.7%), The United States of America (USA) (68.5%), Australia (67.2%), Canada (63.8%), Korea (63.3%), Japan (60.9%), Taiwan (60.5%), Singapore (60.2%) and New Zealand (56.8%). The United Kingdom compares well at 60%. (Appendix 2 Internet world stats, 2005) World wide, these 25 countries dominate over 64% of their total population; the internet penetration in the rest of the world is just 7.8% of the remaining population. However, percentages can be misleading; whilst they give a good indication of levels of literacy, affluence and behaviour, the percentage of penetration would not give an indication of size of possible market; the USA has the largest market at 202,888,307; the next largest being Japan at 78,050,000 and then the UK and German markets at 35,807,929 and 47,127,725 respectively. Whilst we have seen then that internet penetration is very strong in these affluent societies, there are some interesting developments in the emerging economies. Those countries in Asia that have traditionally had under developed economies, such as China and India , have very different levels of internet penetration; despite both countries attempting to develop their economic wealth. China , with a population of 1,306,313,812 has 94 million internet users (Appendix 1); this however translates to only 7.2% of the population. The Chinese middle class is only 4% of the population i.e. those who have household incomes of more than $20,000 but that translates into a market or 50 million people (Khanna, T) – a huge market for prospective investors in the country. This compares very favourably with internet penetration in India – where the population is very similar to China 's - 1,080,264,388.00 but there are only 18, 481,000 internet users, a penetration of 1.71% of the population. This may be due to Government intervention in China ; in a recent report ‘it has been found that China has nurtured and directed the economy ( Khanna, T 2005). In addition there is a difference in the GDP per capita – in China , the GDP per capita is $5,600, whereas in India it is only $3,100. However, in both countries there is a huge gap between the wealthiest and poorest people, both in

Martin Eden :: essays papers

Martin Eden Jack London, prestigious author of Martin Eden writes his opinions into his work. Aspects of different societies are prevalent throughout his work and the class struggle between different classes of characters is apparent in his writing. Although not an autobiography much of his writing can appear to include his personal views on life. Martin Eden, the protagonist created by London begins as a petty seaman works his his way to the upper class of society. Through self-determination and self-education he is able to become a member of the bourgeois. Writers with styles similar to London in that they all write in the same style in that shows the struggle of the poor and their climb to the upper class only to see that it reveals a faux ideal. Alice Hoffman author of Here On Earth appears to hold many of the same beliefs as Martin which are seen throughout her novel. Martin Eden was forced to make his own living. Eden was never given anything and had to work to gain everything he wanted. Everyday struggles included finding the simple necessities of food and shelter. As a poor sailor, Eden looked around and saw the ideals of the bourgeois. Through the eyes of Eden the Bourgeois were the educated, wealthy, and were what Martin desired to become. He dreams of becoming educated and belonging to the upper class; ultimately he finds one small connection that opens up a new world to the once struggling seaman. Although later disproved, his first impressions of this class were seen from an outsider^s view as perfect. ^Here was intellectual life, he thought, and here was beauty, warm and wonderful as he had never dreamed it could be.^ (p. 40) Martin comes into contact with a family that introduces him to this new world. The Morse family was all Martin dreamed of, he viewed them, as them part of a perfect society and Ruth was the focal point of it.! Ruth was heavenly like a flower; her culture and sophistication stimulated him. Introduction to this new class surprised Martin. The library, a new idea to him, becomes his new haven. Although he lacked both the time and money necessary for a traditional education between sailing he began his way to self-education. In the beginning Martin was separated from Ruth because of their class difference, but as this yearning for education developed he and Ruth become involved. ^He wasn^t of their tribe, and he couldn^t talk their lingo was the way he put it to himself. He couldn^t fake being their kind.^ (p. 51) Although he wasn^t born any with any of these ^privileges^ he made it his business

Why Math is a Requirement for My Lifelong Career goal

Life constantly presents new problems. The more sophisticated our society becomes, the more complex the problems become. We as individuals are constantly solving problems. For example when we consider ways to save money, reduce our expenses, budget our money or even save for a vacation, we are always dealing with numbers. Throughout this personnel reflection you will see why math is so important in my life long career goal, which is my BBA in Business management in the medical field. First and foremost my job will entail being a supervisor/manager of a nursing staff whether it be Registered nurses (RN’s) or Licensed Practical nurses (LPN’s). This is ultimately what I want to do. This job includes schedules for the nurses, patients, scheduling tests for the patients. I will also need to know the international metric system along with dosage calculations, one must know three important pieces of information, the desired dose, the dosage strength and the medications’ unit of measure (Survey of Math p 609). I will also use mathematics in my career by doing schedules, coordinating the staff on different shifts, making sure the staff is not working over 8-9 hours unless it is necessary, also making sure the staff doesn’t overlap one another’s schedule and handling the payroll. It is very important for people that work in the medical field to know what their doing when it comes to measurements of medication particularly, any miscalculation’s due to a staff members error can lead to 1) losing your job, 2) losing your license, and or prison time if it is fatal. One example of a similar incident that was not to long ago, and is still in the hands of the courts involved Michael Jackson and Dr. Conrad Murray. Reports stated that Michael Jackson died from a propofol overdose; propofol is a drug that reduces anxiety and tension, and promotes relaxation consciousness. Dr. Conrad Murray is being charged with involuntary manslaughter for giving Michael Jackson multiple medications intravenously; which is a needle directly into the vein. Reports have stated that Dr.  Murray gave Michael Jackson valium which is a sedative, along with numerous amounts of pain medication and anti-depressant medications throughout a 10 hour period. These multiple medications were found in Michael Jackson’s toxicology report. They state that Michael Jackson had enough medication in his body to sedate a large animal (KTLA. com info). Another similar incident was that of a oncologist that wrote orders for a new salvage regimen that employed higher doses of chemotherapy than usual. The patient developed acute renal failure and required weeks of dialysis, but ultimately recovered, and the tumor responded. The physician later discovered that he had mistakenly ordered four times the recommended amount of the nephrotoxic drug in the treatment regimen. The physician decided not to tell the patient, 6 months later the tumor progressed and the patient obtained a second opinion. The patient learned of the error the first physician made and sued the doctor settling for $75,000 dollars (PubMed Central). The patient survived and the tumor was taken care of, but as you can see mistakes are made like this every day, sometimes people don’t get another chance. Most of the time, the mistakes are made mathematically. The medical field is very crucial when it comes to mathematics. You must be on top of things, re-read your care plan every time you need to administer medications. A care plan can vary from patient to patient, but for the most part it included numerous activities, such as administering medications, careful documentation of dosages and avoiding interactions. Starting, maintaining, and discontinuing intravenous lines for fluid, medication, blood, and blood products. Administering therapies and treatment, observing the patient and recording those observations; and consulting with the physician or supervisor on duty (â€Å"Summary report for 29 – 111. 00 – Registered nurses,† 2010, Tasks). In this line of work documentation of everything that happens with the patient is very important. In conclusion, my math 103, survey of mathematics taught me a lot. I learned how to subtract, add, multiply, and divide w negative and positive numbers. This was one of my greatest challenges. Reducing fractions, radicals, algebra, solving an equation, percentage formula’s, application of percents, the american system of measurement, the scientific system, set theories, and more. I learned a great deal and will be able to take this with me in the future for my career goal. In all honesty, I’ve never been all the great in the math field, after taking this course, along with taking advantage if the tutors Bryant & Stratton offers, I feel very pleased with myself and what I’ve learned. It was a very positive fortification and I will take this with me, where ever I go.

By what methods does Fitzgerald present the Jazz Age Society’s preoccupation with wealth and materialism?

The grand Gatsby was published in 1925 and was set in the Roaring mid-twenties. This was a glamorous decade label by cultural, artistic and well-disposed developments, notwithstanding it was brought to an end by the W altogether passage Crash of 1929, which triggered the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the 1920s, America became very prosperous as the country recovered from World struggle I. There was a policy of Prohibition. This meant that intoxi provoket was il efficacious, entirely the continued demand meant in that respect was a lot of cash to be do from bootlegging. It was a succession of social change the younger propagation started to climb up against tradition.For many batch, and particularly women, the war provided novel experiences and freedom. After the war, there was a satisfying desire to try rising and elicit things and to break from tradition. bop practice of medicine became favourite be find it was more energetic than earlier music styles. Fit zgerald coined the term Jazz while. Flappers began to gainsay traditional gender component parts. Flappers were women who be traind in a way that was thought to be hostile by the older generation they drank, engross and wore revealing clothing. Fitzgerald sets The Great Gatsby in an modify version of Long Island and Manhattan.Great contend and Manhasset Neck become atomic number 99 and westmost bombards, and the large landfill site Flushing is renamed the vale of ashes. The primary(prenominal) sites appoint different elements of the 1920s east-American modus vivendi Manhattans skyscrapers and luxurious hotel causaes but it is besides filled with lonely clerks who spend all their period working, and gangsters who meet in sickly bars. The valley of ashes is a stretch of waste product which sits in the midst of the separatewise sites and connects them. The valley illustrates that the excesses of riches cant be achieved without exploiting some other part of corpor ation.The pixilated swiftness classes who genic their funds live in easterly Egg, westbound Eggs hosts new specie great deal who have earned their funds. The wad who live in East Egg come from old, wealthy families and have familial money. They call in themselves as elegant and well-mannered. western United States Egg is the home of the new money people who have recently made their money through business. The people of East Egg look down on the people who live in West Egg because they consider their family backgrounds to be substandard and their ostentatious pomps of wealth to be in bad taste.Gatsby realises that money isnt equal to cross the social divide betwixt himself and Daisy he needs to be f number class to be seen as her equal. His touch speech and imported shirts atomic number 18 an act to imitate the upper classes. Religion has been replaced by consumerism and the pursuit of pleasure. The characters live aimless lives that tramp around pleasing themse lves and acquiring new possessions. For example, the guests at Gatsbys parties focus on drinking, looking for new passionrs, and trying to arrange easy money.The conversation between Michaelis and Wilson in Chapter eight suggests that consumerism has replaced religion You egg whitethorn fool me, but you cant fool paragon Michaelis saw with a shock that he was looking at the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleberg Wilson mistakes the eyes of the publicizing for God. This shows that the eyes in truth have no meaning except for the meaning that the characters unwrap them. This could reflect the feeling of the wooly generation that life is essentially meaningless and is outlined only by the pass judgments the people give it. Consumerism promises that square objects will nettle you happy and give your life meaning.Howalways, fabric possessions dont make people happy in the novel this is symbolised by the point that cars, a desirable consumer item, cause death and destruction. The idea that consumerism has replaced religious value in reinforced throughout The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald mentions the Presbyterian nymphs in the speakeasy, a place where people could illegally buy and drink intoxicant during prohibition, in Chapter 4. This use of religious quarrel could suggest that religious symbols have lost their power, and are at home in places of corruption.Weddings are a religious and legal union of a couple, but Daisys wedding to tom turkey is utilise earlier to display their extravagant wealth. gobbler brings quad private cars and hires a whole narrative of hotel. Gatsbys car scattered visible radiation across the landscape and has fenders spread resembling wings. These interpretations give the car qualities ofttimes associated with religion its source of sporting and is winged like an angel. Most of the characters in the novel are very wealthy and live a life of luxury. The fecund and glamorous atmosphere defines the noels look the focus on the uppe r-class lifestyle gives the novel a mood of vital extravagance.For example, Gatsby owns a beach, motor-boats and a Rolls-Royce and his parties are wide-eyed of faces and illustrations and colour. However, this society is contrasted with the poverty of those life story near to the valley of ashes. The location of the valley of ashes between the wealthy Egg communities and raw York makes the contrast stronger. There is also a constant sense that the glamorous lives of the upper classes are essentially meaningless downstairs the surface, everyone is bored because they have no mapping Daisy seems to realise this when she asks what they should do this afternoonand they solar day after that, and the next thirty days? . galore(postnominal) friendships issue superficial. For example, Gatsbys parties are in full of enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each others label. This shows that the society is full of pretence and loneliness. Many of Gatsbys guests had tragic fates. For example, drowned, strangled his marry woman, killed himself. This reinforces the message that behind the light-hearted partying, much of society was deeply unhappy. Fitzgeralds portrayal invites the ref to be critical of the characters empty, freelance(a) lives while simultaneously make those lives seem exciting and beautiful.This reflects his own military capability towards wealth. The characters are defined by their descent with money it affects how they act, how they see themselves and how others see them notch is confused close how to respond to wealth and decadence. When he begins his banking make outer he suggests his role models are Midas and Morgan and Maecenas. At the same time Nick says that Gatsbys empty display of wealthy represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. Daisy and tom turkey take their wealth for granted. gobbler assumes it is his natural objurgate to be at the top of society, and Daisy was perfunctory about the beautif ul house she grew up in. this attitude makes them offhanded people they never worry when they hurt other people, they can retreat back into their money. Gatsby used to be extravagantly ambitious and centre on financial gain. However, the Gatsby that Nick meets doesnt get involved in the decadence of his own parties. This suggests that he has grown to be indifferent to his wealth he estimable sees it as a means towards amiable Daisy.For Myrtle, money buys happiness she gets pleasure from her cold cream, pet dog and magazines. Her opinion of her married man was damaged by the realisation that he couldnt afford to buy a suit for their wedding. Money takes on a meaning beyond its financial wealth. For Gatsby, money is confused with applaud. He says Daisys voice is full of money, linking his lust for her with his longing for the wealth and status that she represents. Gatsby understands the relationship between delight in and money. Daisys voice, he says, is full of money it is th e seductive, thrilling aspect of her.What Gatsby, with surprise consciousness, states is that Daisys charm is allied to the draw poker of wealth money and love confirm similar attractions. Gatsby, with his boundless capacity for love sees that the pursuit of money is tied to his love for Daisy and he knows himself well enough to see this. That Daisys voice is full of money is a remark only Gatsby could make. It is a statement of someone attune to the possibilities of love and money and sensitive to them perhaps also much. Tom could never have provided this description of Daisy his attraction to her has nothing to do with wealth.Tom is accustomed to having money money holds no interest for him because it does have to be dog after his is old money hardly there to be used. Tom whitethorn buy anything he wishes from polo ponies to cufflinks but he understands that polo ponies or cufflinks are all he is buying. Myrtle only cares about behavior and material possessions. Myrtle claim s not to care about habit I dependable slip it on sometimes when I dont care what I look like, but actually shes obsessed with her appearance she changes clothes regularly and buys cold cream and perfume.She wears gauzy colours, in contrast to Daisy who wears white but when Myrtle changes into a cream dress, her elan vital changes to hauteur. This shows that she thinks breeding is all about appearance. Shes also concerned with other peoples appearances. She was seduced by Toms clothes the first time she met him, mentioning that he wore a dress suit and patent leather shoes as well as a white shirt-front. Its significant that Myrtle false to be looking at the advertizing instead of looking at Tom, because both(prenominal) Tom and the advertised product represent Myrtles greed for material objects and wealth.Tom Buchanan represents the immorality and materialism of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald thought that the Jazz Age was hypocritical and this is reflected by Toms doings he is app alled when he learns of Daisys affair with Gatsby, but he has lots of affairs himself. He criticises Gatsby for sneer at family life, but was God knows where when his daughter was born. He also criticises Gatsby for perspicacious criminals and for being a bootlegger, but Tom also knows criminals and he likes to drink, which shows that he doesnt follow the prohibition laws either.He sets a high moral standard for other people, such as Gatsby, but has no morals himself. Nick notes that he moves from immobile to prig to suit his needs. Toms wealth and sense of superiority makes him careless and uncaring. Nick summarises Tom and Daisys behaviour when he says they smashed up things and creatures and then(prenominal) retreated back into their moneyand permit other people clean up the mess. They run away from their problems and never face the consequences. He acts as a foil to Gatsby Gatsby is loyal, sensitive and caring whilst Tom is more or less the opposite.For example, he only see ms to start caring for Daisy when he sees he could lose her. This suggests his reaction is as much about pride and possessiveness as about actually caring for her. The fact that Daisy chooses Tom over Gatsby highlights the shallow and materialistic nature of the Jazz Age society. resembling Daisy, Tom is materialistic he has to appear to have the best of everything. For example, he was married with more pomp and circumstance than Louisville ever knew.

Supply, Demand and Diversity Factors in the Workforce of Australia

1. repel Supply Analysis (to subside if the flesh and types of employees call for be available when and where they allow for be involveed). You should analyze current workforces capacity to ascertain current and predicted demands for business sizables and services. The help begins with the internal analysis of existing employees in the fellowship. If the number or mix of staff argon not sufficient or not meet the requirements, the depend for external information is required. Theses information can be obtained through the intranet, policy documents, divisional reports and etc.The first gear is made a list of current employees to detect future skills. This analysis includes an audit of current skills of from each one employee. The audit is too use strategically to rush development, cross-skilling and multi-skilling. Even with the avail qualification of these resources, the greatest take exception is also to establish a dialogue with the staff to meet the goals and as pirations them and also if they want an opportunity to grow at heart the play along. According to new research, companies be not big(a) the right support to their staff.Without opportunities, employees are going away. For this causal agent the skills shortage and staff turnover still are be a problem. People motif to finger purposeful and valued about where the organization is going. The companies need to create strategies to retain their talent and this is the main cause that ensures competitoryness, much more than material resources, financial and technological. The ANZ bound has a try intensive with over 15. 000 suppliers providing good and services that keep their operations.Their localise is on fortify their relationship with local suppliers in all markets and their append chain is located in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and India. 2. Labour Demand Forecasting (estimating the number and type of employees inevitable to meet organisational object ives). Using (not just repeating) the labour supply selective information or demographic and economic data explain how this data will be apply to forecast human resources supply within ANZ till Australia. The Human Resource Planning will be affected according to the level of business development.If the company is starting now, the HRP will hire only candidates with skills that gravel the operations of the company. But if the company is growing, the HRP will emphasis on the hiring of experts. And if the company is in decline or challenge in the face of economic climate, the focus will be the restructuring. With the globalization, the advance of technology and the conceit of sustainability, the companies need to adapte to these challenges. These challenges influence the vision and objectives of the companies. The strategy apply by the bank is to nurture leaders team in regions where business is growing.Today this strategy is being implemented in Asia and the Pacific. ANZ bank se eks to avoid redundancies. 3. reconciliation Supply and Demand Considerations Review of diversity in the Australian workforce how would this affect/apply to ANZ lingo Australia. One of the problems that it has been affected the workforce in Australia is the periphrasis and many employees have left their cables for fear to doze off the work. According to a survey, 76% will be looking for a new opportunity in the next 6 months. The main reason is that they are seeking a career development and remuneration growth.If the employee feels that is purposeful, valued, that have some support and rewards necessary, the employee remains in the company. An example that expresses this problem is with receptionist position because over half 54% of administration and office staff a new job and it have proven that receptionist are the most unhappy. This position is easily filled and employers dresst have to invest in these staff, regular(a) the reception staff are the face of an organisati on. The challenge has been also finding people who are nimble to develop their skills and match the current needs of the companies.The qualities that employers are looking for today in candidates are resilience, sanitary leadership, ability to seek ways to remain competitive from a business development standpoint and the ability to be more productive with limited resources. Employers are looking for who are make an impact on profitability today. The balancing supply and demand is base on recruitment (shortage) such(prenominal) as full-time, part-time, job/work design, career management, remuneration practices. And also Reductions such as Dismissals, retirements, retrenchments. 4. How to Formulate Staffing Strategies to meet Organisational Needs influence ow the article information will be utilize to define objectives and staffing strategies in ANZ Bank to retain required skilled labour. According to ANZ bank the staff strategies are used to create a new leadership team in which region that they are included. Others staffing strategies used are open communication with staff (people need to feel purposeful and valuated) is important to communicate a clear vision to the employees and the goals and objectives of the company and also where the company is going to provide some coaching and cooking provide some salary package.